Expansion of scope

Sawyer, J. S., Schmittling, E. A., Palkowitz, J. A., Smith, W. J., III. Synthesis of diaryl ethers, diaryl thioethers, and diaryl amines mediated by potassium fluoride-alumina and 18-crown-6 Expansion of scope and utility. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 6338-6343. 

THE EVOLVING ROLE OF THE PHARMACIST AND EXPANSION OF SCOPE OF PRACTICE... 

Since the initial report by Suzuki in 1979, the optimization of reaction parameters, such as base and solvent, has been explored by many different groups.Replacement of the base with KF or CsF has been demonstrated to improve functional group tolerance in some systems." Use of microwave heating, water or ionic liquids as solvents, solid supports, or other non-traditional conditions can also provide advantages. However, the research that has arguably led to the broadest expansion of scope has been focused on catalyst development. 

However, there are factors complicating spreading mud process of scrubbers. Despite observed rough expansion of scopes of wet clearing of gas, there is no data about full replacement of equipment with them (cyclone separators, wet filters, scrubbers, etc.) at least in one of the industries (Aliev, 1986 Belov, 1991 and Kolesnik, 1986). 

The need to understand the processes operating on Earth, coupled to recent analytical advances, have ensured that the U-series nuclides have seen widespread application since the last Ivanovich and Harmon book (1992). This volume does not set out to repeat material in that book, but is an attempt to bring together the advances in the subject over the last ten years, highlighting the excitement and rapid expansion of U-series research. The scope of the various chapters in this book is laid out at the end of this introduction. The remainder of this chapter introduces some of the basic concepts of U-series geochemistry, the chemical behavior of the elements involved, and the half-lives of the U- and Th-series nuclides. This chapter is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the nuclear or radio-chemistry of the U-series nuclides and for additional information, the reader is referred to Ivanovich (1992). 

The chapter structure remains close to that of the first edition, although significant expansion in scope has been made, reflecting the extensive progress advanced during this period. At the end of each chapter (except Chapter 1), additional, recent references are given for researchers outside study. 

At present it is unclear whether the scope of the Ecodesign Directive will be extended a second time and whether the problem of pollutants in products will be included. Since the focus of the policy will remain clearly on the energy aspect, it is not expected that, even with expansion of the scope, the Ecodesign Directive can make a relevant contribution to solving the problem highlighted in RISKCYCLE. 

Expansion of product scope, including other products in addition to electrical... 

The imino-ene reaction has been recently reviewed thus, this work only consists of research done since that time.26 During the past decade there has been some expansion of the scope of the imino-ene reaction (vide infra) however, much of the work done in this area has involved its application to the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds (see Section 10.12.7). 

Once again, a notable advantage provided by the alkylations described within this section is the reactions are tolerant to air and proceed in wet solvents. This offers significant operational simplicity over organometallic alternatives. Additionally, each of the catalysts described is available in two synthetic steps, increasing the accessibility of this chemistry. Expansion of the substrate scope with respect to the enal coupling partner would further improve the utility of these reactions. 

In particular, the reduced steric bulk around the catalytic nitrogen has allowed for expansion of the scope of these reactions to more hindered substrates such as a-substituted acroleins and, importantly, a,P-unsaturated ketones, augmenting the chemistry described in Sect. 2 of this report (Fig. 14). 

A further example of the use of a chiral anion in conjunction with a chiral amine was recently reported by Melchiorre and co-workers who described the asymmetric alkylation of indoles with a,P-unsaturated ketones (Scheme 65) [212]. The quinine derived amine salt of phenyl glycine (159) (10-20 mol%) provided the best platform with which to perform these reactions. Addition of a series of indole derivatives to a range of a,P-unsaturated ketones provided access to the adducts with excellent efficiency (56-99% yield 70-96% ee). The substrates adopted within these reactions is particularly noteworthy. For example, use of aryl ketones (R = Ph), significantly widens the scope of substrates accessible to iminium ion activation. Expansion of the scope of nucleophiles to thiols [213] and oximes [214] with similar high levels of selectivity suggests further discoveries will be made. 

Rhodium catalysis has played a critical role in the development of this type of reaction. The rhodium-mediated [4 + 2] carbocyclization between dienes and unactivated olefins or alkynes is a notable early example of this concept [2]. Further investigations demonstrated the extension of this methodology to the reaction between a diene and an allene [3]. Expansion of the scope of this strategy, to both the intra- and intermolecular [5-1-2] homologs of the Diels-Alder reaction, was accomplished with a vinylcyclopropane and either an alkyne or an olefin to afford the carbocyclization adducts (Scheme 11.1) [4, 5]. 

A formal expression for the resonant nonlinear susceptibility can be obtained by describing the light-matter interactions in a density matrix formalism (Boyd 2003 Mukamel 1995), which is beyond the scope of this chapter. A third-order perturbative expansion of the system s density matrix yields the following form for the nonlinear susceptibility ... 

The widespread interest in explosives during and since World War II has resulted in the need for a comprehensive coverage of the field of explosives and related items. In 1941-1944, Dr B. T. Fedoroff in collaboration with G. D. Clift had published a "Laboratory Manual of Explosives" in four small volumes (Lefax Co), for which there were numerous requests. Since the printed editions had been exhausted and the plates were no longer available, Dr Fedoroff decided to write a revised edition. As the work progressed, it became evident that additional help would be needed, not only because of the tremendous expansion of the iiterature, but also because it was decided to broaden the scope of the work... 

In view of the extensive literature on the development of synthetic methodologies in porphyrin chemistry as well as applications in a variety of areas, a number of comprehensive review articles have been published (10ACR300, 10CCR77, 01CR2751) and their discussion is beyond our scope. However, important aspects of structural modifications, reorganization, and expansion of a porphyrin scaffold (Figure 1), as outlined below (a-e), are discussed to highlight developments. 

The current scientific infrastructure to support the committee s research recommendations is severely limited. Improvements in research-related infrastructure are needed to support these recommendations and to enhance the value of biomonitoring activities. The infrastructure needs encompass enhancing laboratory capabilities, expanding the scope and utility of CDC s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, maximizing the use of collected human samples, and fostering international biomonitoring collaboration. Many of these recommendations for infrastructure improvement are cost-effective because they rely on expansion of structures and activities that are already in place. 

In this equation g(t) represents the retarded effect of the frictional force, and /(f) is an external force including the random force from the solvent molecules. We see, in contrast to the simple Langevin equation with a constant friction coefficient, that the friction force at a given time t depends on all previous velocities along the trajectory. The friction force is no longer local in time and does not depend on the current velocity alone. The time-dependent friction coefficient is therefore also referred to as a memory kernel . A short-time expansion of the velocity correlation function based on the GLE gives (fcfiT/M)( 1 — (g/M)t2/(2r) + ), where r is the decay time of g(t), and it therefore does not have a discontinuous first derivative at t = 0. The discussion of the properties of the GLE is most easily accomplished by using so-called linear response theory, which forms the theoretical basis for the equation and is a powerful method that allows us to determine non-equilibrium transport coefficients from equilibrium properties of the systems. A discussion of this is, however, beyond the scope of this book. 

I have been considering another expansion of the scope of the series for some time, and with the acquisition of Academic Press by the Elsevier... 

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