Exosomes cancer

Taylor, D.D. and Gercel-Taylor, C. (2005) Tumour-derived exosomes and their role in cancer-associated T-cell signalling defects. Br. J. Cancer 92, 305-311. 

T cells. Further, they demonstrated that tumor exosomes carry NKG2D ligand, such as MICA (MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A) and MICE (MHC class 1 polypeptide-related sequence B), triggering a selective down-regulation of cell surface NKG2D. These effects of cancer-cell-derived exosomes may mediate suppression of lymphocyte functions, even in the presence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-15 (interleukin 15), and therefore may mediate the evasion of the immune response by cancer cells. 

MSCs cultured under hypoxic conditions (1% or 3% O2), release exosomes by up to seven-fold more than cells incubated under normoxic conditions (8% O2). These data are consistent with the effects of hypoxia on the release of exosomes from umbilical-cord-derived MSCs, where low oxygen tension increases exosome release by 5.6-fold (Zhang et al., 2012). Hypoxia was also reported to increase the release of exosomes from breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3, and MDA-MB 231), squamous carcinoma cells (A431 cells) (Byeon et al., 2010), and... 

In 1996 the exosome was discovered to have an immunological function and consequent study of the immunological role of exosomes has been extensive (Raposo et al., 1996). Exosomes have been shown to take part in both T-cell activation (Sprent, 2005) and in tolerance development (Karlsson et al., 2001). It has been shown that exosomes released from mast cells have the capacity to activate T cells and endothelial cells, and in addition to induce DC maturation. Thus, there is now extensive evidence that exosomes can mediate communication between cells over a distance. Furthermore, exosomes primed with specific tumor antigens are under clinical trials for cancer treatment. 

MSC-derived exosomes may serve as a significant mediator of cell-to-cell communication within the tumor microenvironment and suppress angiogenesis by transferring antiangiogenic molecules (Lee et al., 2013). Exosomes derived from malignant tumor cells are also used as experimental cancer treatment vaccines (Tan et al., 2010), and exosomes derived from DCs, which express MHC and costimulatory molecules, have been used for antitumor vaccines (Hao et al., 2007). 

Duijvesz, D., Bumum-Johnson, K.E., Gritsenko, M.A., Hoogland, A.M., Vredenbregt-van den Berg, M.S., Willemsen, R., et al., 2013. Proteomic profihng of exosomes leads to the identification of novel biomarkers for prostate cancer. PLoS One 8 (12), e82589. Available from http //dx.doi.org/10.1371/joumal.pone.0082589. 

Duijvesz, D., Luider, T., Bangma, C.H., Jenster, G., 2011. Exosomes as biomarker treasure chests for prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. 59, 823—831. 

Lee, J.K., Park, S.R., Jung, B.K., Jeon, Y.K., Lee, Y.S., Kim, M.K., et al., 2013. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells suppress angiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS One 8 (12), e84256. Available from http //dx. doi.org/10.137 l/joumal.pone.0084256. 

Ohno, S., Takanashi, M., Sudo, K., Ueda, S., Ishikawa, A., Matsuyama, N., et al., 2013. Systemically injected exosomes targeted to EGER deliver antitumor microRNA to breast cancer cells. Mol. Ther. 21, 185—191. 

Ramteke, A., Ting, H., Agarwal, C., Mateen, S., Somasagara, R., Hussain, A., et al., 2013. Exosomes secreted under hypoxia enhance invasiveness and sternness of prostate cancer cells by targeting adherens junction molecules. Mol. Carcinog. Available from http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22124. 

Riches, A., Campbell, E., Borger, E., Powis, S., 2014. Regulation of exosome release from mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells—a new regulatory pathway. Eur. J. Cancer. 50 (5), 1025—1034. Available from http //dx.doi.0rg/lO.lOl6/j. ejca.2013.12.019. 

Peng P, Yan Y, Keng S. Exosomes in the ascites of ovarian cancer patients origin and effects on anti-tumor immunity. Oncol Rep. 2011 25 749-62. 

Salido-Guadarrama, L, S. Romero-Cordoba, O. Peralta-Zaragoza, A. Hidalgo-Miranda, and M. Rodriguez-Dorantes (2014). MicroRNAs transported by exosomes in body fluids as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer. Onco Targets Therl 1327-1338. 

Gastpar R, Gehrmann M, Bausero MA, Asea A, Gross C, Schroeder JA, Multhoff G (2005) Heat shock protein 70 surface-positive tumor exosomes stimulate migratory and cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. Cancer Res 65 5238-5247... 

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