Exosomes targeting

Hung, M.E., Leonard, J.N., 2015. Stabilization of exosome targeting peptides via engineered glycosylation. J. Biol. Chem.Feb 5. pii jbc.Ml 14.621383. [Epub ahead of print]. 

Ohno, S., Takanashi, M., Sudo, K., Ueda, S., Ishikawa, A., Matsuyama, N., et al., 2013. Systemically injected exosomes targeted to EGER deliver antitumor microRNA to breast cancer cells. Mol. Ther. 21, 185—191. 

Once released in the extracellular medium, exosomes are able to interact with cells located nearby or distantly, and thereby exosomes can be a way for carrying information from one cell to another one. Transfer of information to adjacent or distant cells could thus occur by three ways (1) by direct contact between the exosomal and target plasma membranes (2) by cell internalization of the vesicle or (3) by fusion of the two membranes. 

In the field of drug delivery, two key nanoscale delivery vehicles, liposomes and exosomes, have emerged as important means to protect, target, and deliver a variety of molecules. The unique properties of nanoscale therapeutics typically reduces their required dose by orders of magnitude and improves their side effect... 

Exosomes can fuse with the target cell, resulting in the nonselective transfer of proteins, RNA, and other signaling molecules to the recipient cell. Exosome uptake from melanoma cells increases in low-pH conditions and is dependent on the presence of sphingomyelin/ganglioside GM3 (Parolini et al., 2009). The fusion efficiency is higher with exosomes released from metastatic cells compared to those derived from primary tumors or normal cells (Parolini et al., 2009). 

Telocytes (TCs), a novel type of interstitial cell, were recently described in the interstitial space of a number of tissues, including within cellular networks where stem cells are constitutive. TCs have several very long, moniliform extensions, called telopodes (Tps). The presence of extracellular exosomes along the Tps suggests an active intercellular signaling mechanism with specificity of targeting (Cretoiu et al., 2012a,b). 

Ramteke, A., Ting, H., Agarwal, C., Mateen, S., Somasagara, R., Hussain, A., et al., 2013. Exosomes secreted under hypoxia enhance invasiveness and sternness of prostate cancer cells by targeting adherens junction molecules. Mol. Carcinog. Available from http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/mc.22124. 

Shen, B., Wu, N., Yang, J.M., Gould, S.J., 2011. Protein targeting to exosomes/microvesi-cles by plasma membrane anchors. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 14383—14395. 

Tian, Y., Li, S., Song, J., Ji, T., Zhu, M., Anderson, GJ., et al., 2014. A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials 35, 2383—2390. 

Salido-Guadarrama, L, S. Romero-Cordoba, O. Peralta-Zaragoza, A. Hidalgo-Miranda, and M. Rodriguez-Dorantes (2014). MicroRNAs transported by exosomes in body fluids as mediators of intercellular communication in cancer. Onco Targets Therl 1327-1338. 

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