Clearing time

Manufacturers of large generators, 200 MW and above, recommend the ground fault current, /g to be limited in the range of 5-15 A and a fault clearing time of the order of 5-30 seconds to protect the machine and avoid overheating of the grounded steel frame. It is also... 

Water pipe length 2 to 4 m, 1.3 m deep soil pipe length 12 m, 1 m covering. The disbonding is clearly time dependent. 

From the mechanism and values of the rate constants, the formation of B occurs very rapidly within a few hundred picoseconds and AB is formed on the microsecond time scale. These species exhibit characteristic absorption bands in the 550 to 600 nm region of the spectrum. At very long times, i.e. several seconds of steady state irradiation, the red shift in the absorption band is complete and presumably due to AnB as suggested by Krongauz (1 —2) Thus far, it has not been possible to clearly time resolve the formation of aggregates from AB dimers, although subtleties in the transient absorption indicate this is occurring. For instance, the time resolved buildup in absorbance at the red end of 600 nm band seems to be slower than it is 10 or 20 nm further to the blue. This may indicate a process such as ... 

The loads from external near-surface burst explosions are based on hemispherical surface burst relationships. Peak pressure (P psi) and scaled. impulse Ci/W psi/lb ) are plotted vs. scaled distance (R/W ft/lb ). Roof and sidewall elements, side-on to the shock wave, see side-on loads (P and i ). The front wall, perpendicular to the shock wave, sees the much higher reflected shock wave loads (P and i ). An approximate triangular pressure-time relationship is shown in Figure 5a. The duration, T, is determined from the peak pressure and impulse by assuming a triangular load. Complete load calculations include dynamic loads on side-on elements, the effect of clearing times on reflected pressure durations, and load variations on structural elements due to their size and varying distance from the explosive source. 

It is worth noting that blast capacity of a polycarbonate pane is sensitive to the duration of the blast load. Because of this, the typical short overpressure duration testing of polycarbonate with small close-in charges with frame set-ups that permit a rapid pressure clearing time may give an unconservative estimate of blast capacity in many real world threat scenarios. 

The institution of clear time frames that are understood by parents, enforced by agencies and have legal sanction would help to keep attention focused on the need for momentum. In every case the preferred option should be for parents to work towards abstinence from drugs, as this offers... 

Patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis respond well to a once-daily dose of 200 mg of ketoconazole, with a median clearing time of 16 weeks. Most patients require long-term maintenance therapy. Variable results have been reported in treatment of chromomycosis. 

Time-related processes truly encompass the real world for how many systems are at equilibrium. It is said that if a human system reaches equilibrium, it is dead. Clearly time-dependent phenomena must be discussed in any physical chemistry course. 

The observations of vibrational coherence in optically initiated reactions described above clearly show that the standard assumption of condensed-phase rate theories—that there is a clear time scale separation between vibrational dephasing and the nonadiabatic transition—is clearly violated in these cases. The observation of vibrational beats has generally been taken to imply that vibrational energy relaxation is slow. This viewpoint is based on the optical Bloch equations applied to two-level systems. In this model, the total dephasing rate is given by... 

Now it is clearly time to devote yet another Solvay Conference to the last constituents of matter. See note on page 35. 

A formal written response to the FDA-483 list of observations is always warranted. Firms should have included as part of their SOP for FDA inspections a clear time line for responding to an investigator s observations. The response should come from the person to whom the FDA-483 was issued, but pulled together collectively by the firm s personnel. The response should either rebut the FDA s observations or describe what corrective action the firm plans to take and institutionalize as a result of the observations, such as changes to specific policies, procedures, and systems. The firm s response needs to be complete, addressing each and every FDA observation. These written responses should be issued by the firm several weeks after the... 

A rule of thumb far fixing negatives is to allow at least twice the time required for the clearing of all traces of milkiness from the film. When the initial clearing time has doubled, as... 

By periodically testing the fixer, ideally before each fixing session, the exhaustion rate of the fixer can be determined. When the initial clearing time has doubled it is time to mix a fresh fixing bath. If you find it too difficult to remember to test the fixer before each session then check when the fixer is about half way through its estimated useful life and more frequently as it nears its published capacity. 

It is a good idea to test a leader from each type of film you will be fixing as the clearing time will vary for different film types, with faster film taking longer to clear. 

Use undiluted. Fix paper for 3 to 5 minutes. Film should be fixed for three times the clearing time. 

FILM Use undiluted. With a fresh bath, clearing time should be approximately 1 to 2 minutes. Film should be completely fixed in 4 to 5 minutes. The bath can be used until clearing time exceeds 7 minutes. 

FILM Film should be clear in 5 minutes and fully fixed in 10. Discard when the clearing time is close to 10 minutes.The hardener can be mixed separately as a stock solution (see the following formula). 

Use undiluted for either film or paper. Follow development by a 60-second plain water rinse or a minimum of 5 full changes of water. Fix films for 3 times the clearing time, or a minimum of 5 minutes, agitating for a full 30 seconds during each minute. Fix paper for 10 full minutes with occasional agitation. 

Fix in Amfix (May and Baker Appendix 3) diluted with two parts of water for 5 min or twice the clearing time and rinse in tap water. 

It is clearly time to consider the effects of an applied magnetic field in more detail. 

Detection by Immunoassay Immunoassay tecbniques (see p. 148) can often be very useful for otf-line detection. This involves the collection of the eluate in small fractions (1 ml perhaps) and the performance of a drug assay on each traction. A chromatogram is then constructed by plotting the assay results against the traction numbers. Such detection methods are clearly time-consuming but often achieve sensitivities and selectivities much higher than conventional detectors. In many cases biological fluids can be injected directly on to the column. 

If r, and ro are set equal to the values for the radii at the top and bottom of the spinning centrifuge tube, then T = t, — to is the time required to bring about total sedimentation or pelleting of the sedimenting species. This value is sometimes referred to as the clearing time. 

Figure 2 shows the spectral response functions (5,(r), Eq. 1) derived firom the spectra of Fig. 1. In order to adequately display data for these varied solvents, whose dynamics occur on very different time scales, we employ a logarithmic time axis. Such a representation is also useful because a number of solvents, especially the alcohols, show highly dispersive response functions. For example, one observes in methanol significant relaxation taking place over 3-4 decades in time. (Mdtiexponential fits to the methanol data yield roughly equal contributions from components with time constants of 0.2, 2, and 12 ps). Even in sinqrle, non-associated solvents such as acetonitrile, one seldom observes 5,(r) functions that decay exponentially in time. Most often, biexponential fits are required to describe the observed relaxation. This biexponential behavior does not reflect any clear separation between fast inertial dynamics and slower diffusive dynamics in most solvents. Rather, the observed spectral shift usually appears to sirrply be a continuous non-exponential process. That is not to say that ultrafast inertial relaxation does not occur in many solvents, just that there is no clear time scale separation observed. Of the 18 polar solvents observed to date, a number of them do show prominent fast components that are probably inertial in origin. For example, in the solvents water [16], formamide, acetoniuile, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and nitromethane [8], we find that more than half of the solvation response involves components with time constants of 00 fs.

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