Exfoliated partially

Figure M Calculated nanocomposite phase diagram (in the limit of small organoclay loadings). Solid line is the phase boundary between weakly intercalated stacks and partially exfoliated, partially intercalated phase, as calculated using compressible SCFT. Dashed line is the phase boundary between immiscible and exfoliated phases, as calculated by incompressible SCFT.

For the nanocomposites prepared with Cloisite 30B (from 1 to 5 wt%), XRD analysis gives evidence for a fully exfoliated structure as demonstrated by the absence of diffraction peaks (Figure 3). The evolution of XRD patterns with the relative clay content shows that at higher filler level (10 wt%) a broad diffraction peak appears in the small angle region. This more likely indicates the formation of a partially exfoliated/partially intercalated structure. At higher clay content, the extent of exfoliation appears to be limited by steric hindrance. 

The polymerization of e-CL was conducted in bulk at 100 °C by using dibutyltin dimethoxide as catalyst and in the presence of 25 to 50 wt% of (organo)clay. In order to collect PCL composites with high inorganic content, polymerizations were terminated at rather low monomer conversion. In agreement with observations made for PCL layered silicate nanocomposites prepared by the same technique and containing a small amount of clay (1-10 wt%), intercalated nanocomposites are recovered when the nanofiller is Cloisite Na or Cloisite 25A. In contrast, partially exfoliated/partially intercalated structures are formed in the presence of Cloisite 30B this situation results from the grafting of PCL chains on the clay surface as already discussed. Then, the desired PCL-based... 

Any region where two surfaces are loosely joined or come into close proximity qualifies as a crevice site as long as water may enter. Partially exfoliated coatings may produce crevices. Surfaces may be metallic or nonmetallic. Usually, however, at least one surface is metallic. Crevices commonly are present at gaskets, flanges, washers, bolt holes, rolled tube ends, incompletely fused welds, contact points in plate-and-... 

Cooling tower Threaded pipe joints Bolts, nuts, washers Partially exfoliated coatings Lap joints in sheet metal Between bushings and shafts on pumps Pump gaskets... 

Figure 5.6 Rust layer on carbon steel mill water supply pipe. Note the partially exfoliated region at the bottom of the photo.

It is not clear why <2IR is twice as large [6, 76, 96] (or more) in polymer electrolytes than it is in liquid electrolytes. This may result from larger <2SP and larger <2SE] due to partial exfoliation. 

Figure 12. F cycle constant current charge curves of synthetic graphite LONZA KS 44 (i) using 1 MLiN(S02CF3)2 in EC.DME (dimethoxy ethane, CH3OCH2CH2OCH3) (3 2) as electrolyte. The measurement was stopped when the graphite was exfoliated, (ii) using 1 M LiN(S02CF3)2 in EC F-DME (partially fluorinated dimethoxy ethane, CH3OCF2CF2OCH3) (3 2) as electrolyte, i = 20 mA g1, cut-off = 0.0 V vs. Li/Li+ (adaptedfrom [12]).

All sulfonamides, including antimicrobial sulfas, diuretics, diazoxide, and the sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents, have been considered to be partially cross-allergenic. Flowever, evidence for this is not extensive. The most common adverse effects are fever, skin rashes, exfoliative dermatitis, photosensitivity, urticaria, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulties referable to the urinary tract (see below). Stevens-Johnson syndrome, although relatively uncommon (ie, < 1% of treatment courses), is a particularly serious and potentially fatal type of skin and mucous membrane eruption associated with sulfonamide use. Other unwanted effects include stomatitis, conjunctivitis, arthritis, hematopoietic disturbances (see below), hepatitis, and, rarely, polyarteritis nodosa and psychosis. 

Dispersion The degree of dispersion of the nanoplatelets is determined by the degree of delamination of the clay. The fully delaminated (exfoliated) nanocomposite presents much higher values for the tortuosity factor and the aspect ratio in comparison with the partially delaminated (intercalated) nanocomposite. This means that the clay particles that grow as aggregates or books of sheets must be broken up or exfoliated into individual sheets that have a thickness of the order of 1 nm, with lengths and widths of the order of 500 nm. 

Percolation of solution species solvating the Li ions into the carbon structure, which may lead to its partial exfoliation [366]... 

The surface films formed are not sufficiently passivating, and their formation involves partial exfoliation of the graphite. Thick and resistive surface films are formed. The irreversible capacity loss is pronounced, and the electrode cannot reach all the Li-graphite intercalation stages (MF, DMC, and ether solutions). 

Figure 25 Typical chronoamperograms and schematic view of the structure of lithiated graphite electrodes in three classes of electrolyte solutions (as indicated). 1. Reversible behavior 2. partially reversible behavior, low capacity (x < 1 in LijC6 3. irreversible behavior, the electrode is deactivated and partially exfoliated before reaching intercalation stages. Note that in reality the graphite particles are usually flakes, the electrode s structure is porous and the surface films are also formed inside the electrode among the particles, and thus have aporous structure [87]. (With copyrights from Elsevier Science Ltd., 1998.)...

Intercalated and partially exfoliated PVC-clay nanocomposites were produced by melt blending in the presence and absence of DOP and characterised by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of various factors, including volume fraction of clay, plasticiser content, melt compounding time and annealing, on nanocomposite structure and the thermal and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were also examined. It was found that the best mechanical properties were achieved at 2% clay loading and 5 to 10% DOP loading. 18 refs. 

The [(MQ)]i+ c(TQ2)2 family has n = 2 and features a van der Waals gap between the two adjacent (TQ2) slabs. Because the van der Waals gaps between the double MS2 slabs are empty, the compounds can be exfoliated and intercalated in analogy to the parent MS2 compounds. The octahedral holes in the van der Waals gap of monoclinic (PbS)i,i4(NbS2)2 are partially occupied by additional Nb. Thus, for the parent binary TQ2 compounds tetrahedral and/or octahedral vacant sites within the gap are available for metal intercalation (donor species) as for instance, alkali metals or transition metals such as Mn, Fe, Co. One could also say that the [MQ] slab is, in itself, an intercalated entity (donor species) between two TQ2 slabs. The crystal chemistry of the ternary misfit chalcogenides is similar to that of their parent binary chalcogenides, and this is reinforced by the phenomenon of polytypism which is occurring for both famihes. Examples of Q-multilayered derivatives where m = 2, is [((Pbi, Sb, S)2]l.l4(NbS2) withx 0.2.136... 

The formation of comparatively large ( 1 pm) defects within the top silicon layer (resulting in partial exfoliation of the top layer) is observed for the SI, S2 mid S3 structures if annealed imder AP or lO Pa. Application of HP during Emnealing of implanted samples leads to a complete suppression of the exfoliation of the top silicon layer. 

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