Retention and excretion

Table V. Absorption, Excretion, and Retention of Phosphorus as Affected by Calcium and Orthophosphates...

Table VII. Calcium Excretion and Retention as Affected by Orthophosphate, Hexametaphosphate (Polyphospate), and Calcium...

Greger JL, Barer MJ. 1983b. Excretion and retention of low or moderate levels of aluminum by human subjects. Food Chem Toxicol 21 473-477. 

Steams, G., Soya bean flour in infant feeding Study of relation of comparative intakes of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus on excretion and retention of these elements. Am.. Diseases Children 46, 7-16 (1933). 

Table III. Urinary Excretion, Fecal Excretion, and Retention...

There have been relatively few studies on Mn bioavailability from various types of diets as well as from individual factors in the diet. However, to better understand the requirement of Mn in humans it is essential to obtain such information. While Mn deficiency in humans appears to be rare (see Chapter by Keen et al.), our knowledge about the signs of human Mn deficiency as well as our means to clinically assess Mn status is very limited. The physiological requirement of Mn, i.e., the amount that must be absorbed to balance the daily excretion and retention in growing subjects, is not known. The observed whole body turnover rate in human adults (a half-life of about 40 days) and available estimates of total body Mn content (20 mg) (26) speaks for a daily turnover of about 0.25 mg. With a low degree of absorption, the dietary requirement will be much higher. 

Tumlund, J. R., Keyes, W. R., and Peiffer, G. L. (1995). Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum. Am.. Clin. Nutr. 62, 790-796. 

Berlin M. 1963. Renal uptake, excretion and retention of mercury Part II. A study in the rabbit during infusion of methyl- and phenylmercuric compounds. Arch Environ Health 6 626-633. 

Turnlund JR, Keyes WR, Peiffer GL, Scott KC. Copper absorption, excretion, and retention by young men consuming low dietary copper determined by using the stable isotope 65Cu. Am J Clin Nutr 1998 67 1219-25. 

Bishop M, Harrison GE, Raymond WHA, et al. 1960. Excretion and retention of radioactive strontium in normal men following a single intravenous injection. Int J Radiat Biol 2(2) 125-142. 

Kahn B, Straub CP, Robbins PJ, et al. 1969b. Part 3 Intake, excretion, and retention of stable strontium. Pediatrics 43(4) 687-705. 

Sutton A, Shepherd H, Harrison GE, et al. 1971b. Excretion and retention of stable strontium in children. Nature 230 396-397. 

Spencer H, Osis B, Kramer Land Norris C (1976) Intake, excretion, and retention of zinc in man. In Prasad AS, ed. Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease, pp. 345-361. Academic Press, New York. 

Festa MD, Anderson HL, Dowdy RP, et al. 1985. Effect of zinc intake on copper excretion and retention in men. Am J Clin Nutr 41 285-292. 

H. Spencer, D. Osis, L. Kramer, and C. Norris, Intake, Excretion and Retention of Zinc in Man in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease. Vol. I, Zinc and Copper (A. S. Prasad and D. Oberleas, eds.). Academic Press, New York, 1976. 

Ruid volume regulation is necessary to maintain life. Decreased and inadequate fluid volume (i.e., hypovolemia) can result in decreased flow and perfusion to the tissues. Increased or excessive fluid volume (i.e., hypervolemia) can placed stress on the heart and cause dilutional electrolyte imbalance. It is clear that the renal system plays a vital role in fluid management. If the kidneys are not functioning fully, fluid excretion and retention will not occur appropriately in response to fluid adjustment needs. 2... 

The diagnosis of diseases in Unani medicine is through examination of pulse, urine, and stool. This system observes the influence of surroundings and ecological conditions such as air, food, drinks, body movement and repose, psychic movement and repose, sleep and wakefulness, and excretion and retention on the state of health. This influence causes a dominance of one of the four humors in every human body. Unani medicine believes that it is this dominance that gives a man his individual habit and complexion, that is, his temperament. 

In short, Unanipathy aims at maintaining proper health by conserving symmetry in the different spheres of a man s life. Unani practitioners not only cure bodily diseases but also act as ethical instructors. When the equilibrium of the humors is disturbed and functions of the body arc abnormal, in accordance to its own temperament and environment, that state is called disease. Unani medicine believes in promotion of health, prevention of disease, and cure. The health of a human being is based on six essentials that have to be maintained in order to prevent diseases. The six essentials are (1) atmospheric air, (2) food and drink, (3) sleep and wakefiilness, (4) excretion and retention, (5) physical activity and rest, and (6) mental activity and mental relaxation. Another distinctive feature of the Unani system of medicine is its emphasis on diagnosing a disease through examination of Nabd (Arabic for pulse), haul (urine), and boraz (stool). 

Table 1. Intake, excretion and retention of nitrogen (N) of growing pigsfed a cereal diet supplemented with different levels of a 1,4-ffxylanase and 1,4-fi-glucanase mixture (least squares means standard deviation SEM standard error of the mean). 

In the specific case of lead metabolism, a number of models have been proposed and published over the years to rationalize the biological behaviour of lead in human subjects and experimental animals. The development and predictive utility of these models rest in large part on the considerable amount of empirical information available in the literature, relating to lead absorption, distribution, excretion, and retention in humans and test species. 

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