Exception Recording

Figure 5.3 shows some examples of the different classes of documents and their relationship. All the controlled documents except records are governed by clause 4.5 of the standard. Records are governed by clause 4.16 of the standard. 

Figure 5 provides an example of AE monitoring data from 22.01.1997 to 03,03.1997, in terms of time history of the main plant parameters (fig.Sa), as well as of the AE RMS values (fig. 5b). Normally, very little or no events were recorded, with the exception of the above period, in which an AE activity, very much concentrated in time and space, could be observed a sharp step in cumulative AE events takes place in a short, well defined time interval. A smaller sharp step in EA events had been observed a few days earlier, in the same position. 

Except for the phase-contrast detector in STEM [9], STEM and SEM detectors do not track the position of the recorded electron. The spatial information of an image is fonned instead by assigning the measured electron current to the known position of the scaimed incident electron beam. This infomiation is then mapped into a 2D pixel array, which is depicted either on a TV screen or digitalized in a computer. 

The record m the number of absorbed photons (about 500 photons of a CO2 laser) was reached with the CgQ molecule [77]. This case proved an exception in that the primary reaction was ionization. The IR multiphoton excitation is the starting pomt for a new gas-phase photochemistry, IR laser chemistry, which encompasses numerous chemical processes. 

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including uploading, downloading, printing, decompiling, recording or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail PERMREQ WTLEY.COM. 

Recording a measurement provides information about both its magnitude and uncertainty. For example, if we weigh a sample on a balance and record its mass as 1.2637 g, we assume that all digits, except the last, are known exactly. We assume that the last digit has an uncertainty of at least 1, giving an absolute uncertainty of ... 

In the case of atoms UPS is unlikely to produce information which is not available from other sources. In addition many materials have such low vapour pressures that their UPS spectra may be recorded only at high temperatures. The noble gases, mercury and, to some extent, the alkali metals are exceptions but we will consider here only the specttum of argon. 

Another possible advantage of the PHB method is its potential multiplexing characteristics by synchronous recording and read-out, exceptional data transfer rates can be achieved. These high transfer rates are of equal importance in practical data technology as high storage densities. 

Nuclear power has achieved an excellent safety record. Exceptions are the accidents at Three Mile Island in 1979 and at Chernobyl in 1986. In the United States, safety can be attributed in part to the strict regulation provided by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which reviews proposed reactor designs, processes appHcations forUcenses to constmct and operate plants, and provides surveillance of all safety-related activities of a utiUty. The utiUties seek continued improvement in capabiUty, use procedures extensively, and analy2e any plant incidents for their root causes. Similar programs intended to ensure reactor safety are in place in other countries. 

If possible comparisons are focused on energy systems, nuclear power safety is also estimated to be superior to all electricity generation methods except for natural gas (30). Figure 3 is a plot of that comparison in terms of estimated total deaths to workers and the pubHc and includes deaths associated with secondary processes in the entire fuel cycle. The poorer safety record of the alternatives to nuclear power can be attributed to fataUties in transportation, where comparatively enormous amounts of fossil fuel transport are involved. Continuous or daily refueling of fossil fuel plants is required as compared to refueling a nuclear plant from a few tmckloads only once over a period of one to two years. This disadvantage appHes to solar and wind as well because of the necessary assumption that their backup power in periods of no or Httie wind or sun is from fossil-fuel generation. Now death or serious injury has resulted from radiation exposure from commercial nuclear power plants in the United States (31). 

Review Documentation The project review team leader has the ultimate responsibility for documenting the results of the project review. This responsibility may be delegated to a team scribe or secretary to record trie review minutes and issue a summary report with listed action items. The action items could address exceptions to company or industiy standards and government regulations, review team recommendations based on experience and knowledge, and further issues for study that could not be resolved during the review session. 

---