Example of an Automated System

An example accident report is shown in Table 11.1. If this accident report is input or scanned into a database program of your safety knowledge management system, you can sort and trend the data. 

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Fig. 9.1 Example of an automation system - overview (source Voith).

The problems of enzyme analysis provide a good example of the development of an automated system. There are three stages in the auto-... 

Figure 17-9 is a photograph of an automated system that ineorporates 23 columns and is used by the FDA to remove fats and waxes from plant extracts so pesticide residues can be determined. It uses a Milton-Roy pump and is set up on a 5 mL/min flow rate. The flow rate is adjusted by the pressure on the plungers. It has "dump", "collect", and "wash" cycles that can be varied from 0.1 to 10 minutes and from 1 to 99 times. For example the FDA procedure uses the standard 5 mL/min flow rate, 11 cycles on dump, and 20 cycles on collect. 

Let us look now at an example of an electromechanical system and implement the systematic process outlined herein with the automated computer-generated model shown below. Let us try a piezoelectric sensor and setup as an objective to find the frequency domain response to find out on which frequency range the sensor will measure accurately this means in which frequencies the relation between input and output should be one. 

Another example of an MCFIA system is shown in Figure 4.6. This MCFIA system was designed to implement an automated titration procedure [36]. The system was applied to samples with a wide range of acid concentration such as vinegar and lemon, orange, pineapple, maracock, and acajou juices. 

The questions connected with exception of the subjective factor of process of an estimation of its results are considered by use of the automated monitoring systems. The principles of construction of the automated systems are shown on the basis of the unified imits, and also on a principle of self-training. The examples of the equipment, realized to the present time, are given. 

An automatic control system is often introduced because it appears to do a job better than the human. However, the human is still asked to monitor its effectiveness. It is difficult to see how the worker can be expected to check in real time that the automatic control system is, for example, using the correct rules when making decisions. It is well known that humans are very poor at passive monitoring tasks where they are required to detect and respond to infrequent signals. These situations, called vigilance tasks, have been studied extensively by applied psychologists (see Warm, 1984). On the basis of this research, it is unlikely that people will be effective in the role of purely monitoring an automated system. 

A final example of totally automated HPLC (although it isn t for pesticides) will demonstrate how many different unit operations can be done in a single system to take the tedium out of repetitive analyses. The drug analyzer depicted in Figure 14 was designed to determine therapeutic levels of theophylline in human serum (8). The sampler (in the center) aspirates 50 uL of serum into the analytical cartridge, then to the EDM, and finally to the LC module. The following series of operations takes place at the rate of 20 samples per hour without operator intervention unmeasured, untreated sample is aspirated, diluted with buffer, and mixed with an internal standard the system then precipitates the protein, removes the particulates, extracts the analyte (and internal standard) into... 

The differentiating feature of an open versus closed system is the ability to interact with and maximize the use of individual components. The closed system, on the other hand, represents a turnkey approach which enables full automation of the entire process. However, this instrument does not allow the user to interact with the individual system components dining processing. An example of a closed system is an HPLC instrument while flash chromatography represents an open system. 

Figure 1. Automated Cellular Imaging System (ACIS III), an example of an image acquisition and image analysis instrument.

As an example of thin-foil analysis in the SEM, samples of the mineral standard kaolinite (<2 pm fraction, KGa-2, Source Clay Minerals Repository) were dispersed on TEM grids and analyzed using a JEOL JSM 6400 SEM under the control of an automated Noran Voyager EDS system equipped with a thin-window EDS detector.93 For comparison, EDS spectra were also collected using the same instrument for the kaolinite size fractions deposited on polycarbonate filters, fixed to SEM... 

The Dow Chemical Company recommends canned-motor pumps or magnetic-drive pumps for phosgene service. Phosgene is an example of an extremely hazardous material. These pumps should have a secondary containment such that failure of the can does not create a phosgene release. The secondary containment should meet pipe specifications for pressure or relieve to the scrubber system in the plant. These pumps must have automated block valves on the suction and discharge. Operation of these valves should be managed such that the thermal expansion does not damage the pump. 

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