Evolution of chloroplasts

Fukuyama, K., Hase, T., Matsumoto, S., Tsukihara, T., Katsube, Y., Tanaka, N., Kakudo, M., Wada, K., and Matsubara, H. (1980). Structure of S. platensis [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin and evolution of chloroplast-type ferredoxins. Nature (London) 286, 522-524. 

Evolution of chloroplasts Section 19,1.2 Evolutionary origins of photosynthesis Section 19,6 Evolution of the C4 pathway Section 20.2.3... 

It is one more piece of evidence that is consistent with the evolution of chloroplasts from independent bacterial organisms. 

Kowallik KV. Origin and evolution of chloroplasts Current status and future perspectives. In Schenk H, Herrmann RG, Jeon KW et al, eds. Eukaryotism and Symbiosis. Intertaxonic Combination versus Symbiotic Adaptation. Berlin Springer, 1997 3-23. 

Palmer JD (1985) Evolution of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in plants and algae. In MacIntyre RJ (ed) Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Plenum, New York, pp. 131-240 Palmer JD, Herbon LA (1988) Plant mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly in structure but slowly In sequence. J Mol Evol 28 87-97... 

Sytsma, K. J., Smith, J. F. and Berry, P. E. 1991. The use of chloroplast DNA to assess biogeography and evolution of morphology, breeding systems, and flavonoids in Fuchsia sect. Skin-nera (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot. 16 257-269. 

Chloroplast and thylakold responses. In exploratory studies, all of the allelochemicals inhibited C02 dependent 0 evolution of intact spinach chloroplasts. values for the six representative... 

O2 evolution was measured with a Clark-type electrode. Specific activity of the untreated controls averaged 40 9 ymoles 0 evolved/mg Chi h. Data shown are arithmetic averages SD of determinations made with a minimum of three different isolations of chloroplasts. 

Sukhotu, T., Hosaka, K. (2006). Origin and evolution of Andigena potatoes revealed by chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers. Genome, 49,636-647. 

The I vaginalis hydrogenosomal presequences are generally short, ranging from 5 to 14 amino acid residues for those that have been proven experimentally, and up to 17 residues for the predicted presequences (Table 1). The presequences are enriched in the amino acid residues Ser (20%), Leu (14%), Arg (11%), Ala (8%), Phe (7%), Val (6%), Thr (6%) and Asn (5%). The other amino acids are significantly under-represented. Incidentally, or accidentally, the three amino acids most commonly found in these presequences, Ser, Leu and Arg, are the ones that are each encoded by six codons. This may have been relevant in the evolution of these presequences. The mitochondrial matrix N-terminal presequences are enriched in Arg (14%), Leu (12%), Ser (11%) and Ala (14%). On the other hand, chloroplast leader peptides have a different amino acid composition with 19% Ser and 9% Thr (von Heijne et al. 1989). Markedly under-represented in hydrogenosomal presequences are the acidic residues, as in the case of both mitochondrial and plastidic presequences (von Heijne et al. 1989). 

Whereas the electron acceptors in the anaerobic organisms are the bacterial-type ferredoxins that contain [4Fe-S] clusters as the redox center, in the case of the halobacteria the electrons are transferred to [2Fe-S] ferredoxins. These ferredoxins were isolated from two different halobacteria and their amino acid sequences were determined (Hase et al., 1977, 1980) and shown to be highly homologous to the chloroplast (and cyanobacterial) ferredoxins. The implications of these perplexing findings for the question of the molecular evolution of the system is discussed in detail in Kerscher and Oesterhelt (1982). 

The light reactions that occur in the chloroplasts, in addition to catalyzing the evolution of oxygen, also produce ATP and NADPH. ATP... 

While the flavonoids suppress oxygen uptake in isolated mitochondria and oxygen evolution from chloroplasts, there has been too little work to establish these organelle effects as the only mechanisms of action. Flavonoids are known to protect membrane lipids against destructive reactions and, based on current evidence, these compounds do not readily fit the model of Figure 11.2. The flavonol rutin did not show an effect on soybean seedling water relations.64 It is... 

Leaf discs have commonly been used for bioassays to determine if herbicides inhibit photosynthesis (Table 16.2). The simplest leaf-disc bioassay uses small discs cut from fully expanded cucumber or pumpkin cotyledons, floated in the light on a phosphate buffered medium containing suspected photosynthesis inhibitors.115 Qualitatively, if photosynthesis is inhibited, the leaf disc sinks. There are several variations of this method that can provide quantitative data. Evolution of O2 in the test solution can be measured with an oxygen electrode, CO2 induced pH changes colorimetrically determined with bromothymol-blue, or electrolyte leakage monitored with a conductivity meter. Leaf strips, algae, isolated chloroplasts, and duckweed (Lemna minor) have been used as test subjects. Although the bioassays presented in Table 16.2 are fairly easy to perform, few allelochemicals have been tested as possible inhibitors of photosynthesis. Many... 

The major sites of O2 production in eukaryotic cells are chloroplasts and mitochondria, where the evolution of dioxygen and the reduction of dioxygen proceed at a high flux rate. Due to the low permeability of O2 toward membranes,22) O2 must be removed effectively at the site of its production. The production and scavenging of active species of oxygen in chloroplasts have been well elucidated.5)... 

Searcy DG (1992) Origins of mitochiondria and chloroplasts from sulphur-based symbioses. In Hartman H, Matsuno K (eds) The origin and evolution of the cell. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 47-78... 

As pointed out previously, illuminated chloroplast fragments are convenient for reducing ferredoxin and, in the presence of the appropriate enzymes, photoreduced ferredoxin can be used in processes that may have nothing to do with green plants. For example, in the presence of bacterial hydrogenase, photoreduced ferredoxin is used for the evolution of hydrogen gas (Tagawa and Arnon (99)) and, in the presence of other bacterial enzymes, it is used for reductive carboxylation reactions (Bachofen, Buchanan, and Arnon (13) Buchanan and Evans (30)). 

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