Chloroplast evolution

Cavalier-Smith T (2000b) Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. Trends Plant Sci 5 174-182... 

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. Chloroplast evolution Secondary symbiogen csis and multiple losses. Curr. Bwl. 12 R02-()4. 

Calvin M, Bassham JA (1962) The Photosynthesis of Carbon Compounds. W A Benjamin, New York Cavalier-Smith T (2000) Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. Trends Plant Sci 5 174-182 Cleland WW, O Leary MH, Northrop DB (eds) (1977) Isotope Effects on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactiorrs. Appendix A A note on the use of fractionation factors versus isotope effects on rate corrstants. University Park Press, Baltimore, Maryland... 

Raven ]A, Allen JF. Genomics and chloroplast evolution What did cyanobacteria do for plants Genome Biology 2003 4 209.1-209.5. 

Baldwin, B. G., Kyhos, D. W. and Dvolrak, J. 1990. Chloroplast DNA evolution and adaptive radiation in the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae—Madiinae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77 96-109. 

Sewell, M. M., Parks, C. R. and Chase, M. W. 1996. Intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography of North American Lin odendron L. (Magnoliaceae). Evolution 50 1147-1154. Shapiro, J. A., Steffens, J. C. and Mutschler, M. A. 1994. Acylsugars of the wild tomato Lycopersicon pennellii in relation to geographic distribution of the species. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22 545-561. 

Sytsma, K. J., Smith, J. F. and Berry, P. E. 1991. The use of chloroplast DNA to assess biogeography and evolution of morphology, breeding systems, and flavonoids in Fuchsia sect. Skin-nera (Onagraceae). Syst. Bot. 16 257-269. 

Other orchid metabolites suchs as batatasin 1, inhibited the growth of liverworts, algae and oat coleoptiles. Batatasin 1 also inhibited the CO2 dependent O2 evolution and the flow of electrons from water to methylvi-ologen in spinach chloroplasts, and it inhibited the succinate-dependent O2 uptake in potato tuber mitochondria. Other phenanthrenes such as orchinol, which has a free hydroxyl at the 7-position, inhibit indole-3-acetic acid (lAA) oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. 

Chloroplast and thylakold responses. In exploratory studies, all of the allelochemicals inhibited C02 dependent 0 evolution of intact spinach chloroplasts. values for the six representative... 

O2 evolution was measured with a Clark-type electrode. Specific activity of the untreated controls averaged 40 9 ymoles 0 evolved/mg Chi h. Data shown are arithmetic averages SD of determinations made with a minimum of three different isolations of chloroplasts. 

Fukuyama, K., Hase, T., Matsumoto, S., Tsukihara, T., Katsube, Y., Tanaka, N., Kakudo, M., Wada, K., and Matsubara, H. (1980). Structure of S. platensis [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin and evolution of chloroplast-type ferredoxins. Nature (London) 286, 522-524. 

Sukhotu, T., Hosaka, K. (2006). Origin and evolution of Andigena potatoes revealed by chloroplast and nuclear DNA markers. Genome, 49,636-647. 

The I vaginalis hydrogenosomal presequences are generally short, ranging from 5 to 14 amino acid residues for those that have been proven experimentally, and up to 17 residues for the predicted presequences (Table 1). The presequences are enriched in the amino acid residues Ser (20%), Leu (14%), Arg (11%), Ala (8%), Phe (7%), Val (6%), Thr (6%) and Asn (5%). The other amino acids are significantly under-represented. Incidentally, or accidentally, the three amino acids most commonly found in these presequences, Ser, Leu and Arg, are the ones that are each encoded by six codons. This may have been relevant in the evolution of these presequences. The mitochondrial matrix N-terminal presequences are enriched in Arg (14%), Leu (12%), Ser (11%) and Ala (14%). On the other hand, chloroplast leader peptides have a different amino acid composition with 19% Ser and 9% Thr (von Heijne et al. 1989). Markedly under-represented in hydrogenosomal presequences are the acidic residues, as in the case of both mitochondrial and plastidic presequences (von Heijne et al. 1989). 

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