Evidence of equivalence

Employees and supervisors who have not had initial training can show by documentation or certification evidence of equivalent training or work experience [OSHA Reference, 120(b)(4)(ii)(B) and (e)(9)]... 

Figure 9.4 Results that should not be claimed as providing evidence of equivalence...

Zealand. As mentioned in section 13.1.5, discussions with the New Zealand and Australian organic industry, begun in 1999, are continuing through 2000 and it is hoped that a national standard will be implemented in the next 12 months. The initial prime motivator for such a standard from a New Zealand perspective is to maintain market access into European and soon Japanese markets. This has now grown to include protecting of the term organic . Japan has indicated that it will require evidence of equivalence to their standards by April 2000. 

The term biowaiver is applied to a regulatory drug approval process when the dossier (application) is approved based on evidence of equivalence other than through in vivo equivalence testing. 

P450 is often irreversibly inactivated via covalent attachment of the catalytically activated inhibitor, or a fragment of it, to the heme group. A heme alkylation mechanism has been unambiguously demonstrated, in many instances, by evidence of equivalent activity and heme loss and the isolation and structural characterization of the modified hemes. It must be noted that in the absence of explicit evidence for heme adduct formation, an equimolar loss of enzyme content and heme does not unambiguously establish that heme alkylation is responsible for enzyme inactivation because alternative mechanisms exist for the catalysis-dependent destruction of the heme (see Section 3.4). It is also possible for a heme adduct... 

Based on these results, we feel that using this combined method for the follow-up of DTC is worthwhile to reduce morbidity for patients who are at relatively low risk for tumor recurrence requiring therapy. Moreover, use of rhTSH is a welcome and necessary addition for those who cannot mount a TSH response to hormone withdrawal because of a functioning tumor or pituitary insufficiency. It is also a needed, although yet unproven, alternative for the therapy of these and other patients who are simply unable to tolerate the prolonged effects of profound hypothyroidism due to disease location or comorbidity (i.e., CNS metastasis or cardiac insufficiency). Evidence of equivalent efficacy for use in the ablation of post-operative gland remnant continues to build (PeUegriti et al, 2001 Luster etaL, 2005 Barbaro etaL, 2006). 

You will receive information from your customers advising you that they subscribe to the lATF and recognize ISO/TS 16949 certification as equivalent to QS-9000, AVSQ 94, VDA 6, and EQAF 94. You need to retain this letter as evidence of which of your products and services will be governed by ISO/TS 16949 certification. 

The notion of concurrent SnI and Sn2 reactions has been invoked to account for kinetic observations in the presence of an added nucleophile and for heat capacities of activation,but the hypothesis is not strongly supported. Interpretations of borderline reactions in terms of one mechanism rather than two have been more widely accepted. Winstein et al. have proposed a classification of mechanisms according to the covalent participation by the solvent in the transition state of the rate-determining step. If such covalent interaction occurs, the reaction is assigned to the nucleophilic (N) class if covalent interaction is absent, the reaction is in the limiting (Lim) class. At their extremes these categories become equivalent to Sn and Sn , respectively, but the dividing line between Sn and Sn does not coincide with that between N and Lim. For example, a mass-law effect, which is evidence of an intermediate and therefore of the SnI mechanism, can be observed for some isopropyl compounds, but these appear to be in the N class in aqueous media. 

In table 5.2, we list the maximal numbers of possible cycle states CotI Ct for OT and T rules, respectively, the total number of possible distinct state transition topologies (including trees), fd iGc), and the number of equivalence classes Q, for small N in T 2. The number of possible state transition topologies is evidently much smaller than the number of distinct connected topologies (= , [cvet79]). Note that the sets Cot and Ct are the same for even-N, while for odd-N, Cot is the same as Cot for N — 1) (since... 

The bromination behavior of isomeric thienothiophenes (53-55) has been studied in detail. Both the [2,3-b] (53) and the [3,2-h](54) isomers reacted with one equivalent of NBS in acetic acid to give an a-monobrominated product, with some evidence of 2,5-dibromo species also being formed. With 2 mol of NBS these latter products were formed in good yield three molar equivalents led to 2,3,5-tribromothieno-[2,3-h]-and -[3,2-6]-thiophenes (Scheme 28). The monobromo compounds can also be prepared from lithium derivatives quenched with bromine [76AHC( 19) 123]. Apparently the [2,3-c]isomer (55) also reacted initially in the 2-position. 

It is strong evidence for Hiickel s rule that 59 and 60 are not aromatic while the cyclopropenyl cation (55) and the cyclopentadienyl anion (39) are, since simple resonance theory predicts no difference between 59 and 55 or 60 and 39 (the same number of equivalent canonical forms can be drawn for 59 as for 55 and for 60 as for 39). 

In the examples shown, the primary ion has only two hyperconjugative forms while the tertiary has six. According to rule 6 (p. 41), the greater the number of equivalent forms, the greater the resonance stability. Evidence for the hyperconjugation explanation is that the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction... 

The method proposed is appropriate to show the presence of a strongly reducing intermediate. However, it is usually not possible to identify this entity as tin(III) merely on the evidence of the consumption of cobalt(III) complex present. To this end additional (kinetic) evidence is necessary. Nevertheless, the investigation of the induced reduction of cobalt(III) complexes is useful as a simple means of deciding whether the oxidation of tin(II) involves 1- or 2-equivalent steps. 

In initial ICC studies, animals were treated with MDA or MDMA using the protocol described by Ricaurte et al. (1985). Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (150 to 200 g) reeeived subcutaneous injections of racemic MDA or MDMA every 12 hours for 4 days. Each dose was equivalent to 20 mg/kg of the free base. The rats were sacrificed by intracardiac aldehyde perfusion 2 weeks after the final dose. In order to study subacute effects for evidence of degeneration, additional rats received MDA every 12 hours for 2 days and were sacrificed 24 hours after the last injection. Additional experimental details are described elsewhere (O Heam et al. 1986 O Heam et al. 1988). A series of animals treated identically and in parallel were analyzed for changes in 5-HT levels and density of uptake sites using paroxetine binding (Yeh et al. 1986 Battaglia et al. 1987). 

Sanders (14) has exploited the strong and selective coordination of phosphine donor groups to Ru(II) to construct hetero-dimetallic porphyrin dimers (17, Fig. 5). An alkyne-phosphine moiety introduced on the periphery of a free base or metalloporphyrin (M = Zn or Ni) spontaneously coordinates to a Ru(II)(CO) porphyrin when the two porphyrins are mixed in a 1 1 ratio. Coordination is characterized by a downfield shift of the 31P resonance (A<531P = 19 ppm). There is no evidence of self-coordination of the zinc porphyrin at 10 6 m in toluene, there is no shift in the Soret band in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum. The Ni-Ru dimer was observed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Heating the Ru(II)CO porphyrin with 2 equivalents of the phosphine porphyrins led to quantitative formation of trimeric assemblies. 

In calculating the transition probability for the nonadiabatic reactions, it is sufficient to use the lowest order of quantum mechanical perturbation theory in the operator V d. For the adiabatic reactions, we must perform the summation of the whole series of the perturbation theory.5 (It is insufficient to retain only the first term of the series that appeared in the quantum mechanical perturbation theory.) Correct calculations in both adiabatic and diabatic approaches lead to the same results, which is evidence of the equivalence of the two approaches. 

IL-13 KO mice failed to clear infection despite mounting equivalent type 2 cytokine responses to wild-type mice. Further evidence of a role for IL-13 in expulsion is shown in studies utilizing BALB/c IL-4 KO mice. While control mice cleared infection, treatment with A25 (a soluble IL-13 receptor alpha 2-human IgG-Fc fusion protein) prevented worm expulsion. (Data adapted from Bancroft et al., 1998 A.J. Bancroft, unpublished.)... 

A good indication of the importance of chemical bond strengths in determining hardness is the correlation between the heats of formation of compounds and their hardnesses. An example for III-V compounds is shown in Figure 5.13.The heat of formation density is equivalent to the bond modulus. This provides further evidence of the importance of chemical bond strength in determining hardness. 

Boryl-borate tautomerism This type of tautomerism is observed for boryloxyalkylphosphines (101), (102) possessing a hydroxyalkyl group and electron-acceptor substituents at the a-carbon atom [Eq. (88)] (851ZV1102 90IZV1133). Mutual transformations take place rapidly and the equivalency of methyne protons in NMR spectra serves as evidence of tautomerism. In the crystalline state these compounds exist in form A. The considerable influence of the nature of the solvent (-4 ppm in DMFA - 10 ppm in C6H6) on the position of the signal in the MP NMR spectrum provides evidence in favor of tautomerism. 

Additional evidence of this pattern of behavior is shown upon treatment of the conjugated diene 1-propenylcyclohexene with two equivalents of triethylsilane and three equivalents of trifluoroacetic acid at 50°. This diene gives a 70% yield of completely reduced propylcyclohexane after 10 hours (Eq. 90).231 No partially reduced intermediates are found. 

The Level I calculation suggests that if 100,000 kg (100 tonnes) of benzene are introduced into the 100,000 km2 environment, 99% will partition into air at a concentration of 9.9 x 10-7 g/m3 or about 1 pg/rn3. The water will contain nearly 1% at a low concentration of 4 pg/rn3 or equivalently 4 ng/L. Soils would contain 5 x 10-6 pg/g and sediments about 9.7 x 10 6 pg/g. These values would normally be undetectable as a result of the very low tendency of benzene to sorb to organic matter in these media. The fugacity is calculated to be 3.14 x 10-5 Pa. The dimensionless soil-water and sediment-water partition coefficients or ratios of Z values are 2.6 and 5.3 as a result of a Koc of about 55 and a few percent organic carbon in these media. There is little evidence of bioconcentration with a very low fish concentration of 3.0 x FT5 pg/g. The pie chart in Figure 1.7.6 clearly shows that air is the primary medium of accumulation. 

A spectrophotometric method for aldehydes in either fresh or seawater was described by Kamata [ 132], It used the colour-forming reaction between the aldehyde, 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone, and ferric chloride, and claimed a sensitivity of 0.01 mg/1 as formaldehyde equivalents. While Kamata clearly found evidence of the presence of aldehydes, the method appears to be not quite sensitive enough for the quantities to be found in seawater. 

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