Thermometer plot

In the case when one of the two measurements of the contingency table is divided in ordered categories, one can construct a so-called thermometer plot. On this plot we represent the ordered measurement along the horizontal axis and the scores of the dominant latent vectors along the vertical axis. The solid line in Fig. 32.9 displays the prominent features of the first latent vector which, in the context of our illustration, is called the women/men factor. It clearly indicates a sustained progress of the share of women doctorates from 1966 onwards. The dashed line corresponds with the second latent vector which can be labelled as the chemistry/ other fields factor. This line shows initially a decline of the share of chemistry and a slow but steady recovery from 1973 onwards. The successive decline and rise are responsible for the horseshoe-like appearance of the pattern of points representing... 

Fig. 32.9. Thermometer plot representing the scores of the first and second component of a CFA applied to Table 32.10. The solid line denotes the first component which accounts for the women/men contrast in the data. The broken line corresponds with the second component which reveals a contrast between chemistry and other fields.

The overall interpretation of the LLM biplot of Fig. 32.11 is the same as obtained with the CFA biplot of Fig. 32.10. The first (horizontal) latent variable seems to be associated primarily with the women/men contrast, while the second (vertical) latent variable is mostly associated with the chemistry/all fields contrast. Thermometer plots, which represent the scores of the various time intervals as a function of time, are similar to those in Fig. 32.9. They are not reproduced here as they point to the same remarkable events, i.e. the sustained rise of the proportion of women since 1966 and the recovery of the share of chemistry in 1973. 

On this chart, the wet bulb temperatures appear as diagonal lines, coinciding with the dry bulb at the saturation line. If measurements are taken with the two thermometers of the sling psychrometer, the condition can be plotted on the psychrometric chart by taking the intersection of the dry bulb temperature, as read on the vertical line, with the wet bulb temperature, read down the diagonal wet bulb line. 

The historical development of titration calorimetry has been addressed by Grime [197]. The technique is credited to have been born in 1913, when Bell and Cowell used an apparatus consisting of a 200 cm3 Dewar vessel, a platinum stirrer, a thermometer graduated to tenths of degrees, and a volumetric burette to determine the end point of the titration of citric acid with ammonia lfom a plot of the observed temperature change against the volume of ammonia added [208]. The capabilities of titration calorimetry have enormously evolved since then, and the accuracy limits of modern titration calorimeters are comparable to those obtained in conventional isoperibol (chapter 8) or heat-flow instruments (chapter 9) [195,198],... 

Lower Critical Solution Temperatures LCSTs were determined from plots of optical density at 600 nm versus temperature for 0.03% solutions of each polymer in PBS and were defined as the temperature at which Asoo = 0.1. Temperatures were raised at less than 0.3 C per minute and were measured with a thermometer that had been calibrated against an NBS primary standard thermometer. LCSTs for Figure 6 were determined from the cloud points of 0.01% solutions. 

Suppose the wire of Prob. 12-6 is employed as a resistance thermometer to sense the free-stream temperature for the flow conditions stated. Plot the indicated temperature of the wire versus the actual free-stream temperature for the range -85 to - 15°C. 

Determining the Melting Point of Zinc Chloride Crystallohydrate. Put 1-2 g of zinc chloride crystallohydrate into a test tube, secure the latter in a clamp of a stand, and immerse it into a beaker with water heated to 40 °C. When the salt melts, introduce a thermometer into it (with graduations of 0.1 °C) secured in the stand clamp. Remove the burner and watch the dropping of the temperature. Write down the readings of the thermometer every 30 seconds. Use these data to plot the temperature against the time and establish the melting point of the zinc chloride hydrate. 

Suppose that we prepare a graph on which the vertical axis is the humidity and the horizontal axis is the dry-bulb temperature. We want to plot the temperature of the thermometer as it changes to reach Twb. This line is the so called wet-bulb line. 

Figure 2-4. A sky diver falls with velocity Udiver from a high altitude carrying a thermometer and a recording device that plots the instantaneous temperature, as shown in the lower left-hand comer. During the period of descent, the temperature at any fixed point in the atmosphere is independent of time (i.e., the partial time derivative dT/dt =0). However, the sky diver is in an inversion layer and the temperature decreases with decreasing altitude. Thus the recording of temperature versus time obtained by the sky diver shows that the temperature decreases at a rate DT/Dt = UdiverdT/dz.. This time derivative is known as the Lagrangian derivative for an observer moving with velocity Udiver-...

The temperature error plotted here results from the nonlinear dependence of the volume of mercury on temperature. In a real thermometer there will also be an error associated with the imperfect bore of the capillary tube. 

Figure 3.7 Scatter plot of log-thermometer resistance as a function of temperature and model predicted fit using Eq. (3.83). Starting values were 01 = —5, 02 = 6000, 03 = 344. Model was fit using the Gauss-Newton method within the NLIN procedure in SAS.

Directions Put approximately 10 grams of sodium thiosulphate in a dry test tube and place the latter in hot water (about 70°) in a beaker until the solid has melted. Remove the test tube from the water, place the thermometer in it, and stir slowly. Read the temperature at intervals of a minute. When the thermometer falls to about 55° drop into the tube a small crystal of sodium thiosulphate. A little of the solid is added to prevent supercooling (see next experiment). Continue the stirring and record the temperatures at intervals of a minute for 10 minutes. (1) Plot the results on Pig. 9. 

Figure 9. Plot of apparent temperature recorded between a mineral with slow oxygen diffusion (pyroxene) and a mineral with fast diffusion (plagioclase) vs. the modal percentage of plagioclase in a bi-mineral rock. Cooling is at 5°C/m.y. after peak equilibration at 750°C. In feldspar dominated rocks, Ta may preserve peak temperature, but for a rock dominated by pyroxene, Ta can be hundreds of degrees below peak T approaching 250°C, Tc(plag). The mode effect is modeled by the Fast Grain Boundary diffusion model and predicts that refractoiy accessory mineral (RAM) thermometers are most rehable (from Eiler et al. 1993).

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