Evans and Sutherland

The first pure molecular graphics system followed after a few years. It was built in 1970 by Langridgc at Princeton University 195], The system was based on the Picture System 2 of Evans and Sutherland and could also display bonds and colored atoms. 

The era of the Evans and Sutherland computer systems vanished in the first half of the 1980s, when powerful and more economical workstations were introduced. In spite of advances in computer graphics and in CPU power, these workstations dominate the everyday life of molecular modeling even today. 

A recent victim of the killer micros was Evans and Sutherland s parallel computer development effort, halted ia 1990. Their architecture combiaed a small number of approximately 1-MFLOPS processors iato semi-iadependent functional units. Several of these units could, ia turn, be combiaed to form a processor hierarchy, building up to systems that were expected to cost between 1 and 8 million dollars. With the advent of lO-MFLOPS uniprocessor killer micros, such an architecture became irrelevant and the project was halted. The RISC killer micro could deUver the same level of performance as could the combiaed efforts of 10 of the 1-MFLOPS processors, evea with the unlikely assumptioa that the problem could be perfectiy parallelized across 10 processors. 

This work was supported in part by NIH RR-1081, DAAG29-83-G-0080, Evans and Sutherland, Silicon Graphics and IntelliCorp. We also wish to thank Dennis Miller, IJ>, Kuntz, Don Kneller, Greg Couch, Ken Arnold, and Willa Crowell for help and discussion. 

The BIOGRAF program was run on a Micro VAX II conmuter equipped with an Evans and Sutherland PS390 graphics terminal. The size of coal structures evaluated, and the duration of molecular dynamics runs, were limited by the available computing speed of this system (a 5000-step, 10-ps molecular dynamics run for a 1040-atom structure, with about 75,000 van der Waals interactions per step, required about 100 hours of computation). 

Fig. 2a and b. Electron density at Tyr 19 in DPI displayed using an Evans and Sutherland graphics system a calculated using 1.5 A resolution diffractometer data and b calculated tsing 1.3 A resolution [Pg.41]

Formerly a subsidiary of Maxwell Publishing "Formerly a subsidiary of Evans and Sutherland. 

Figure 8. Part of the 2.25 A electron density map of glycogen phosphorylase b with atomic positions superimposed. The picture was taken on an Evans and Sutherland picture system 2 using the programme FRODO. The region displayed shows three strands of a parallel /3-pleated sheet. (I am grateful to R. Acharya for producing this drawing.)...

The most popular graphics systems for protein structure research are those manufactured by Evans and Sutherland and by Vector General. These employ a colour vector display system and are linked to a host computer. Manufacturers now provide their own graphic support processor capable of controlling completely the graphics system and of being interfaced to any host computer. The display systems are... 

Evans and Sutherland Computer Company. Salt Lake City, Utah,... 

Alliant/AT T/CDC/Convex/Cray/DEC/Evans and Sutherland/FPS/ Fujitsu/Hewlett-Packard/Hitachi/IBM/SCS/Silicon Graphics/Star/Stardent/ Sun/etc. 

Figure 2. Stereo views of Miyazaki cytochrome c3 showing the C backbone folding pattern (top panel), the space-filling view of the relative solvent exposure of heme II (middle panel), and the distribution of the electrostatic fields on the protein surface (lower panel). The views in all three panels are of the same x,y,z orientation as displayed on an Evans and Sutherland model PS390 graphics system using software packages Insight (top and middle) and Frodo...

For those with an interest in true 3-D structures, we have also a number of user-friendly molecular modeling packages available on our system, among them SYBYL, from Tripos Associates, Inc., and Macromodel, from Prof. Clark Still, Columbia University. Both can be accessed via the Versaterm Pro emulation software on the Macintosh, as well as from intermediate and high-performance workstations like the NEC-APC and the Evans and Sutherland PS-300. These specialist packages are maintained by our Drug Design department, who help out users with the specifics of the software. 

Two other computer facilities are a data collection system which monitors remotely located data acquisition and experiment-control computers via asynchronous serial lines and the two Evans and Sutherland LDS-1 interactive graphics terminals. A PDP 10 included in the network configuration as an alternate file transport concentrator and auxiliary network development machine also performs the role of worker computer with the Evans and Sutherland display equipment. Other subnetworks have been designed for inclusion in the Octopus network to direct the on-line operation of LLL high-speed printer and microfilm recorder output facilities, to administer a second, expanded television monitor system providing 256 channels of video input for distribution to 512 additional monitors, and to control a CDC on-line tape library of 8.7 x 10 bits scheduled for delivery in 1975. The Computer Hardcopy Output Recording System (CHORS) concentrators are two Modcomp II computers, and TMDS-II will utilize two PDP 11/45s both subnetworks are to become operational during the... 

High performance graphics system de facto standard Evans and Sutherland). 

The isoenzymes of phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, EC 2.7.2.3) from barley leaves have been purified in this laboratory and used to raise antisera (1). These antisera were used to isolate the wheat cDNAs, specific for each isoenzyme, which have since been sequenced (2 ). The derived amino acid sequences have been used to build models for the structures of both isoenzymes on an Evans and Sutherland graphics station. The co-ordinates obtained from the x-ray crystallographic studies of the yeast structure, which have been deposited in the Brookhaven protein data bank, have been used as a template (3). 

DEC VAX / Silicon Graphics IRIS /Evans and Sutherland / Sun / Convex / Alliant / Multiflow / Stardent / SCS / Star / Apollo-HP / IBM / CDC / etc. 

FIGURE 10.2 A military training application (Evans and Sutherland 1999)... 

Evans and Sutherland Corporate Site. URL www.es.com. (version current March 3,1999). 

Figure 4 An Evans and Sutherland Picture System 2 with color shadow-mask display, circa 1980. Again note the array of interactive devices used to control the displayed image. Also visible are two Bausch and Lomb rotating mechanical shutters used for viewing images in stereo...

Figure 9 Chicken DHFR with TMP. Image generated on an Evans and Sutherland Picture System 2 with CSM color display, circa 1984, using dots and line drawings for representation and created with the MIDAS software package ...

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