EUSES and USES

Source and Sink Behavior of Aerosol Droplets 217 Sink Degradation of Pesticides in Indoor Air 218 Sink Diffusion of Pesticides into Room Materials 219 MODEL VALIDATION 220 Conceptual Validation 220 Numerical Validation 221 SOFTWARE OVERVIEW 225 EUSES and USES 225 Features 225 Theoretical 226 Remarks 227 CONSEXPO 227 Features 227 Theoretical 227 Remarks 229 SCIES 229 Features 229 Theoretical 230 Remarks 230 MCCEM 231 Features 231 Theoretical 232 Remarks 232 THERdbASE 232... 

CONSEXPO, EUSES and USES each provide multiple exposure levels via all routes with various options in line with the package of the EU Technical Guidance Document (EC, 1996). Of these models, CONSEXPO and MCCEM provide a... 

EUSES and USES facilitate the quantitative assessment of the risks of chemicals to humans and the environment. Risks to humans pertain to consumers, workers and humans exposed through the environment. Protection goals in the environment include sewage-treatment plant populations of microorganisms, aquatic, terrestrial and sediment ecosystems, and the populations of predators. 

The endpoint of both EUSES and USES is a quantitative comparison per substance of the results of the effects and the exposure assessment. The latter aims at providing reasonable-worst-case results by applying unfavorable, but not unrealistic, standard exposure scenarios. The risk assessment is carried out in a stepwise procedure, starting with data input aud estimation, and further involving estimation of emissions, prediction of environmental distribution, calculation of human and environmental exposure, derivation of no-effect levels and risk... 

Infrared absorption properties of 2-aminothiazole were reported with those of 52 other thiazoles (113). N-Deuterated 2-aminothiazole and 2-amino-4-methylthiazole were submitted to intensive infrared investigations. All the assignments were performed using gas-phase studies of the shape of the vibration-rotation bands, dichroism. isotopic substitution, and separation of frequencies related to H-bonded and free species (115). With its ten atoms, this compound has 24 fundamental vibrations 18 for the skeleton and 6 for NH2. For the skeleton (Cs symmetry) 13 in-plane vibrations of A symmetry (2vc H, 2SC H. 1 vc N, 1SC N. and 7ft)nuc,eus) and five out-of-plane vibrations of A" symmetry (2yc H. 2rnilde ,. l-yc N) were assigned (Table VI-3). 

The very same charge deformability of the mixed-valence Sm ion due to 4f" - 4f"5d excitations used for the description of the Raman intensities in fig. 37 has been used to describe the phonon anomalies (Bilz et al. 1979). Therefore we can conclude that the dominant F scattering intensities of Sm 25S near 250 cm" and 85 cm , respectively, arise mainly from the LO and LA phonon anomalies in the [111] direction, emphasizing scattering from L-point phonons. The available data on the LO(L) phonon frequencies of RS are depicted in fig. 38 as a function of the lattice parameter. The LO(L) phonons of intermediate-valence metallic SmS and Sm jY 25S lie between the divalent reference line given by YbS and EuS, and the trivalent reference line spanned by YS, GdS, PrS and LaS, thus exhibiting the behavior of an alloy of divalent and trivalent Sm ions. Figure 39 shows the bulk modulus of several RS compounds at room... 

An analysis of the published data on the electrical properties of the alloys StnSe-NdSe and EuSe-LaSe is used to propose energy band schemes for these substances. The absorption spectra of films of EuS, EuSe, and of EuSe-LaSe alloys, obtained by thermal evaporation under vacuum, are presented, as well as the diffuse reflectance spectra of EuS and EuSe powders. These optical studies are used to suggest which electron transitions ate responsible for the light absorption in these semiconductor compounds. 

Optical Fibers. Pure and doped fused siHca fibers have replaced copper lines in the telecommunication area. Eused siHca fibers are used in laser surgery, optical sensor appHcation, and laser welding (see Sensors). Optical-fiber-tethered weapons such as fiber-optics-guided (EOG) missiles are another potential appHcation for fused siHca (249,250) (see Eiberoptics). 

In this chapter the risk assessment is briefly introduced. Risk assessment is divided into four steps hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. This chapter also highlights five risk and life cycle impact assessment models (EUSES, USEtox, GLOBOX, SADA, and MAFRAM) that allows for assessment of risks to human health and the environment. In addition other 12 models were appointed. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, there is a compilation of useful data sources for risk assessment. The data source selection is essential to obtain high quality data. This source selection is divided into two parts. First, six frequently used databases for physicochemical... 

The risk characterization procedure will result in a quantitative comparison per substance of the outcome of the exposure assessment and of the effects assessment. This comparison is made through the ratio PEC/PNEC. The generic name for PEC/ PNEC in EUSES is risk characterization ratio (RCR). Other ratios are used in EUSES for the risk characterization such as the margin of safety (MOS) or the ratio of the estimated no-effect or effect level parameter to the estimated exposure level for human subpopulations and the acceptable operator exposure level (AOEL). 

The exposure assessment in EUSES aims at reasonable worst-case, i.e., the exposure scenario was the worst scenario without being unrealistic and as much as possible using mean, median, or typical parameter values. If the outcome of the reasonable worst-case risk characterization indicates that the substance is not of concern, the risk assessment for that substance can be stopped with regard to the scenario considered. 

EUSES. In EUSES 2.0 steady-state exposure concentrations at the regional, continental, and global scales are calculated for all environmental compartments (air, water, soil, sediment, and air) using the multi-media fate model SimpleBox 3.0. 

EUSES is a useful model for chemicals outside the domain of the persistent, non-dissociating substances of intermediate lipophilicity. Due to the high complexity of the model, it is lacking in transparency on the other hand, the performance of the model is characterized as a good compromise between complexity and practicability. In order to adapt the model to different assumptions or assess the uncertainty, it is necessary to use the EU TGD2003 Spreadsheet version 1.24 of April 2008. This spreadsheet aims to represent the algorithms described in the 2003-version of the EU Technical Guidance Document, as implemented in EUSES 2.0.3. 

---