Plane of vibration

The plane of vibration of a linearly polarized beam emerging from a quarter-wave plate depends on the phase difference 8 between the interfering ray and is measured by the angle a between the optical axes of the quarter-wave plate and the analyzer ... 

Fig. 1. Brewster angle. A, incident plane (plane of polarization or plane of magnetic vector, after reflection) B, plane of vibration (plane of electric vector, after refleclion) C, reflecting surface (dielectric)...

This is a monochromatic linearly polarized wave with electric field vibrating in the x—z plane, and the magnetic field vibrating in the y—z plane. We have adopted the practice of explicitly identifying the plane of vibration [62, p. 29]. Current density associated with E and B is given by Eq. (16) as J = 0. It is stressed that J = 0 is obtained here from the fields, whereas the conventional approach is to assume the current to be zero on the grounds that pe = 0. 

Figure 7. Schematic representation of a conical intersection. In the present case it represents a Jahn-Teller potential for a molecule with a C3 axis perpendicular to the plane of vibration of the atoms (see text).

When polarized light passes through a solution containing a chiral compound, the chiral compound causes the plane of vibration to rotate. Rotation of the plane of polarized light is called optical activity, and substances that rotate the plane of polarized light are said to be optically active. 

The remaining two vibrational modes studied imder bending vibrations involves scissoring. This is due to the bending motion in all possible planes around the bond axis. Since turning the plane of vibrations can not alter the energy it leads to deformation vibration to produce a peak in the region 667 cm f This is why CO, shows two absorption peaks, one at 2330 cm and the other at 667... 

Optical Activity.—We come now, in the case of the isomeric alcohols, to a new and inost interesting example of isomerism. The five carbon alcohol 2-methyl butanol-i, differs from the other seven structurally isomeric amyl alcohols not only in structure, but also in other striking ways. Three different amyl alcohols are known all of which have the constitution of 2-methyl butanol-i. Two of these three are known as optically active all the other amyl alcohols being inactive. Certain substances either in the crystalline form, as in the case of quartz in solution, as in the case of sugar or in the liquid form, as in the case of the alcohol we are considering possess this physical property of optical activity. This property is shown by the fact that the compound has the power to turn or rotate the plane of vibration of a ray of light that has been polarized. 

FIGURE 5.15. The sense of optical rotation, that is, the direction in which the plane of polarization moves. In the case illustrated here the plane of vibration of plane polarized light is moved in a counterclockwise direction when viewed towards the source, so that the crystal is labelled levorotatory. If it is rotated in the opposite direction the crystal would be said to be dextrorotatory. 

Dextrorotation The property of an optically active substance that results in the clockwise rotation of the plane of vibration of plane-polarized light during its transmission through the substance. 

Enantiomers are molecules that are non superimposable on their mirror images. Two mirror-image forms exist, the chemical and physical properties of which are identical, except for the sense of rotation of the plane of vibration of linear polarized light. They cannot be separated by any of the separation methods described so far. 

Turning our attention first to the Faraday effect, the angle 0(in minutes of arc) through which the plane of vibration rotates is given by the empiric expression ... 

Figure 6-12a shows a few of ihe cciors depicted in Figure 6-iih at the instant the wave is at its maximum. Fhe vector in any one plane, say XY as depicted in Figure 6-12a. can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components AH and Cf) as shown in Figure 6-12b, If ihe iwo components for all of the planes shown in Figure (vl2a arc combined, the resultant has the appearance shown in Figure 6-12c. Removal of one of the two re.suliant planes of vibration in Figure 6-12c produces a beam that is phitw polarized. I he resultant cleciric vector of a plane-polarized heam then occupies...

In the following discussion we shall use the term "vertically polarized to describe plane polarized light in which the plane of vibration of the electric vector is vertical,... 

Polarizing microscope n. An optical microscope fitted above and below the specimenholding stage with nicol prisms or polarizing filters. The lower filter (polarizer) imparts plane polarization to the incoming hght. The upper one (analyzer) is rotatable, but is usuaUy set so that its plane of vibrations is at 90° to that of the lower one. With isotropic specimens, ah hght is... 

Iceland spar has the property of double refraction that is, it can split, or doubly refract, an entering beam of ordinary light into two separate emerging beams of light. Each of the two emerging beams (labeled A and B in Figure 23.2) has only a single plane of vibration, and the plane of vibration in beam A is perpendicular to the plane of beam B. In other words, the crystal has separated the incident beam of... 

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