Europium applications

Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVOr europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Many hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application. 

Europium has been identified spectroscopically in the sun and certain stars. Seventeen isotopes are now recognized. Europium isotopes are good neutron absorbers and are being studied for use in nuclear control applications. 

Electrical and Electronic Applications. Silver neodecanoate [62804-19-7] has been used in the preparation of a capacitor-end termination composition (110), lead and stannous neodecanoate have been used in circuit-board fabrication (111), and stannous neodecanoate has been used to form patterned semiconductive tin oxide films (112). The silver salt has also been used in the preparation of ceramic superconductors (113). Neodecanoate salts of barium, copper, yttrium, and europium have been used to prepare superconducting films and patterned thin-fHm superconductors. To prepare these materials, the metal salts are deposited on a substrate, then decomposed by heat to give the thin film (114—116) or by a focused beam (electron, ion, or laser) to give the patterned thin film (117,118). The resulting films exhibit superconductivity above Hquid nitrogen temperatures. 

APPLICATION OF EUROPIUM-SENSITIZED LUMINESCENCE FOR POST-COLUMN DETERMINATION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN BOVINE MILK... 

Scorilas, A., Bjartell, A., Lilja, H., Moller, C., and Diamandis, E.R (2000) Streptavidin-polyvinylamine conjugates labeled with a europium chelate Applications in immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, and microarrays. Clin. Chem. 46, 1450-1455. 

Iieser et al. [628] studied the application of neutron activation analysis to the determination of trace elements in seawater. The rare earths included in this study were cerium and europium. The element concerned were adsorbed onto charcoal. Between 75% and 100% of the elements were adsorbed onto the charcoal which was then subjected to analysis by neutron activation analysis. Cerium (300 p,g/l) and europium (0.00082 pg/1) were found in North Sea water by this method. 

As indicated later (see Section VI,8), on addition of the chloride of praseodymium, europium, or other lanthanides to mono- or poly-sac-charide phosphates in D20, the signals of carbon atoms substituted with phosphate groups are recognizable, as they are displaced, relative to the rest of the 13C-n.m.r. spectrum.155 However, this diagnostic method is not applicable to sulfated polysaccharides, as signal displacements were not observed on addition of praseodymium or europium chloride to a solution of a,/3-D-galactose 6-sulfate or its sodium salt.156... 

Huhtinen P, Kivela M, Soukka T, Tenhu H, Lovgren T, Harma H (2008) Preparation, characterisation and application of europium(III) chelate-dyed polystyrene-acrylic acid nanoparticle labels. Anal Chim Acta 630 211-216... 

Valanne A, Suojanen J, Peltonen J, Soukka T, Hanninen P, Harma H (2009) Multiple sized europium(III) chelate-dyed polystyrene particles as donors in FRET - an application for sensitive protein quantification utilizing competitive adsorption. Analyst 134 980-986... 

Cummins CM, Koivunen ME, Stephanian A, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Kennedy IM (2006) Application of europium(III) chelate-dyed nanoparticle labels in a competitive atrazine fluoroimmunoassay on an ITO waveguide. Biosens Bioelectron 21 1077-1085... 

Tan M, Ye Z, Wang G, Yuan J (2004) Preparation and time-resolved fluorometric application of luminescent europium nanoparticles. Chem Mater 16 2494—2498... 

Wu J, Ye Z, Wang G, Jin D, Yuan J, Guan Y, Piper J (2009) Visible-light-sensitized highly luminescent europium nanoparticles preparation and application for time-gated luminescence bioimaging. J Mater Chem 19 1258-1264... 

A. R. Bugos, S. W. Allison, and M. R. Cates, Laser-induced fluorescent properties of europium-doped scandium orthophosphate phosphors for high-temperature sensing applications, Proc. of IEEE 1991 Southeast Conf, 1143-1147 (1991). 

The fluorescence lifetime can be measured by time-resolved methods after excitation of the fluorophore with a light pulse of brief duration. The lifetime is then measured as the elapsed time for the fluorescence emission intensity to decay to 1/e of the initial intensity. Commonly used fluorophores have lifetimes of a few nanoseconds, whereas the longer-lived chelates of europium(III) and terbium(III) have lifetimes of about 10-1000 /tsec (Table 14.1). Chapter 10 (this volume) describes the advantages of phase-modulation fluorometers for sensing applications, as a method to measure the fluorescence lifetime. Phase-modulation immunoassays have been reported (see Section 14.5.4.3.), and they are in fact based on lifetime changes. 

E. P. Diamandis and R. C. Morton, Time-resolved fluorescence using a europium chelate of 4,7-bis(chlorosulfophenyl)-l,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (BCPDA). Labelling procedures and applications in immunoassays, J. Immunol. Methods 112, 43-52 (1988). 

A bit of a chemical application arose in our attempts to find a monochromatic source or absorber. Since EuF. > has fiuorite structure, there should be no quadrupole splitting. When a spectrum was taken of a commercial sample of EUF2 it was found that the europium present was essentially completely trivalent. The experimental spectrum is shown in Figure 9. 

Yttrium alloys have many applications. The metal doped with rare earths such as europium is used as phosphor for color television receivers. When added to iron, chromium, vanadium, niobium, and other metals it enhances resistance of these metals and their alloys to high temperature oxidation and recrystallization. It is a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. Yttrium-aluminum garnets are used in lasers and in jewelery gemstones. Yttrium-iron garnets are used as transmitters and as transducers of acoustic energy. 

The first applications of the rare earth elements / as already mentioned, were in the optical field, namely the Auer incandescent mantles and the arc light carbons. In 1964/65 as a result of the work of Levine and Palilla the use of the truly rare and therefore expensive europium together with yttrium made a major leap forward for the rare earth industry as red phosfdiors in color TV screens. Due to the strong and sharp emission line of europium at 610 A, without a yellow component, viiich is... 

Of all the properties of the rare earths that contribute to their many and varied applications one that ranks of special interest is the extremely high thermal neutron capture cross-section associated with the elements gadolinium, samarium, europium and dysprosium, see Table IV. 

Ye ZQ, Tan MQ, Wang GL, Yuan JL (2004) Novel fluorescent europium chelate-doped silica nanoparticles preparation, characterization and time-resolved fluorometric application. J Mater Chem 14 851-856... 

These corrections, whilst applicable to a variety of systems, were determined for use with cyclen derivatives. A more wide ranging correction for q values of europium complexes has been postulated by Supkowski and Horrocks (25), using data for 25 complexes taken from the literature. Their new equation is ... 

Van Uitert and Iida (55) suggested the applicability of the phonon-assisted-transfer mechanism to rare earth-rare earth energy exchange. They were able to correlate the emission intensity of the 5D0 level of trivalent europium or the5 D4 level of trivalent terbium with the closest, but definitely lower-lying, level observed for a second rare-earth ion. 

It is convenient to divide the ions studied into four groupings, namely, terbium, europium, neodymium, and other trivalent ions. The reason for this grouping is that terbium, europium, and neodymium have been studied more extensively than the rest, and therefore the number of papers is larger. The greater attention paid to these trivalent ions is probably one of practical or potential practical applications to lasers. 

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