European stationary cycle

Figure 1.1. General trend of the NOx and particulate emissions in Europe, Japan and the U.S. for light- and medium-duty engines (ESC test cycle) and effect of engine tuning on NOx/particulate emissions and fuel consumption. EGR exhaust gas recirculation. ESC test cycle European stationary cycle (http //www.dieselnet.com/standards/cycles/esc.html).

As discussed for TWC models (Section II), a DOC model can be used for catalyst sizing and system design. Figure 26 shows a validation plot comparing model prediction with measured data over the ESC (European Stationary Cycle) excellent agreement is observed. Good agreement has also been obtained with this model over other test cycles (York et al., 2005). 

Fig. 26. Modelled (lines) and measured (points) component conversions for a DOC over the ESC (European Stationary Cycle). Measured data for a bench mounted 10L, 210kW turbocharged engine.

ESC European stationary cycle test cycle for heavy-duty diesel engines... 

For heavy-duty commercial vehicles emission certification, the engine is tested on an engine dynamometer. In the European Stationary Cycle (ESC),... 

Fig. 4. ESC—European Stationary Cycle, weighing factors are given for the individual points...

European Stationary Cycle. Smoke is measured over European Load Response test b0.36 g/km for engines >85 kW °New limit introduced in October 1998... 

ESC European stationary driving cycle (for heavy-duty vehicles)... 

The HFP focuses on the acceleration and development for cost reduction necessary to competitively market fuel cells for transportation, stationary, and portable power applications. Their Hyways Project Roadmap aims for a mass market rollout by 2020 for European class vehicles with efficiencies of at least 40% on the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC) at a cost of 100 Euros kW and lifetimes of 5000 h for automobiles and 10,000 h for buses. The goals for stationary power systems mainly target residential power systems which the HFP hopes to see tangible market penetration by 2020. By 2009-2012, these systems are expected to maintain 34-40% electrical efficiency, a total fuel efficiency of 80%, >12,000 h of operation and cost less than 6000 Euro per system stack (Borup et al., 2007). 

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