Europe introduction

Earlier formulations contained mainly chlorine bleach, metasiUcates, triphosphate, and nonionic surfactants. Modem manufacturers have switched to more compHcated formulations with disiUcates, phosphates or citrate, phosphonates, polycarboxylates, nonionic surfactants, oxygen bleach, bleach activator, and enzymes. The replacement of metasiUcates by disilicates lowers pH from approximately 12 to 10.5, at 1 g ADD/L water. The combined effect of decreased pH, the absence of hypochlorite, and the trend toward lower wash temperatures has paved the way for the introduction of enzymes into ADDs. Most ADD brands in Europe are part of the new generation of ADD products with enzymes. The new formulations are described in the patent hterature (55—57). 

Impure, native platinum seems to have been used unwittingly by ancient Egyptian craftsmen in place of silver, and was certainly used to make small items of jewellery by the Indians of Ecuador before the Spanish conquest. The introduction of the metal to Europe is a complex and intriguing story. In 1736 A. de Ulloa, a Spanish astronomer and naval officer, observed an unworkable metal, platina (Spanish, little... 

The introduction of the internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century opened up an entirely new approach to combined heat and power. Rather than using the same fluid for the heat and power process as was the case with hot air and steam processes, the tremendous waste heat generated by the internal combustion process can easily be transformed into useful heat. Cogeneration applications using stationary engines were common in Europe prior to World War I and remain quite popular because the heat is relatively... 

The FDA are allowed 90 days to review a Traditional or Abbreviated 510(k) notification, and just 30 days for a Special 510(k). With the introduction of the Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act of2002, provision was made for the participation of third-party organisations in the review process. This represents a partial adoption of the concept of Notified Bodies, which prevails in Europe. The FDA have accredited a number of commercial organisations to conduct primary 510(k) reviews of670 types of device. The FDA must then give a final determination within 30 days of receipt of the recommendation of a third-party reviewer. Because they are commercial, third-party reviewers will seek to offer faster review times in return for their review fee. If using a third-party reviewer, the FDA user fee does not apply. The outcome of a successful 510(k) notification is a letter from the FDA clearing the device for commercial sale. 

The economic impacts of HIV/AIDS disease have also been analyzed in Europe. Beck (1995) studied the AIDS-related costs in a national AIDS referral center in London. He concluded that share of total drug cost increased between 1985 and 1989 from 5.0% to 30.0%. The median survival time from the date of the diagnosis of AIDS was 14.6 months before the introduction of Zidovudine (1987) and 21.0 months afterwards. 

This review outlines aspects of the various phases of Swiss chemistry from the introduction of alchemy in Western Europe, its transition to chemistry as a science and profession and the more recent practice. Attention is drawn to the large number of Swiss Nobel Laureates in chemistry and the contributions of Swiss physicists to chemical spectroscopy, from the days of Balmer. In all periods, Swiss chemistry has had European dimensions, and links can be traced to most host countries of previous Euroanalysis conferences and indeed to the next, at Lisbon, in AD 2000... 

Merkel, Ingrid and Allen George Debus. "Introduction." In Hermeticism and the Renaissance intellectual history and the occult in early modern Europe, eds. Ingrid Merkel and Allen George Debus, 7-13. Washington London, Toronto Folger Shakespeare Library Associated University Presses, 1988. 

De Guiran, G. and Boulbria, A. (1986) Le nematode des pins. Characteristiques de la souche franfaise et risque d introduction et d extension de Bursapheknchus xylophilus en Europe. OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 16, 445-452. 

The Iron Age was a phase of human civilization (in Europe from about 1000 BC to 100 AD), characterized by the introduction and development of iron tools and weapons it followed the Bronze Age. 

Microsystems is a term first introduced in Europe the late 1980 s and early 1990 s referring to a new generation of miniaturized micro systems consisting of sensing, processing and actuation components. Europe (MST), the USA (MEMS-Micro-ElectroMechanicalSystems) and Japan (MicroMachines) are the key drivers in the development and market introduction of MST products with Europe taking the lead in the commercialisation of MST products. 

Zeven AC (1997) The introduction of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) into Western Europe and the phenotypic variation of dry beans collected in the Netherlands in 1946. Euphytica 94 319-328... 

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