ETHYLENEIMINE COPOLYMER

Soluble catalysts have also been designed using ligands synthesized on the basis of such polymers as poly(ethyleneimine), copolymer of vinyl alcohol and vinyl acetate, proteins, etc. 

An interesting block copolymer consisting of poly(N-lauroyl ethyleneimine) and poly(N-acetyl trimethyleneimine) was prepared367 and found to be of use as a surfactant. 

It should be pointed out that the addition of substances, which could improve the biocompatibility of sol-gel processing and the functional characteristics of the silica matrix, is practiced rather widely. Polyethylene glycol) is one of such additives [110— 113]. Enzyme stabilization was favored by formation of polyelectrolyte complexes with polymers. For example, an increase in the lactate oxidase and glycolate oxidase activity and lifetime took place when they were combined with poly(N-vinylimida-zole) and poly(ethyleneimine), respectively, prior to their immobilization [87,114]. To improve the functional efficiency of entrapped horseradish peroxidase, a graft copolymer of polyvinylimidazole and polyvinylpyridine was added [115,116]. As shown in Refs. [117,118], the denaturation of calcium-binding proteins, cod III parvalbumin and oncomodulin, in the course of sol-gel processing could be decreased by complexation with calcium cations. 

In most cases the catalytically active metal complex moiety is attached to a polymer carrying tertiary phosphine units. Such phosphinated polymers can be prepared from well-known water soluble polymers such as poly(ethyleneimine), poly(acryhc acid) [90,91] or polyethers [92] (see also Chapter 2). The solubility of these catalysts is often pH-dependent [90,91,93] so they can be separated from the reaction mixture by proper manipulation of the pH. Some polymers, such as the poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers, have inverse temperature dependent solubihty in water and retain this property after functionahzation with PPh2 and subsequent complexation with rhodium(I). The effect of temperature was demonstrated in the hydrogenation of aqueous allyl alcohol, which proceeded rapidly at 0 °C but stopped completely at 40 °C at which temperature the catalyst precipitated hydrogenation resumed by coohng the solution to 0 °C [92]. Such smart catalysts may have special value in regulating the rate of strongly exothermic catalytic reactions. 

Poly(ethyleneimine)-graft-poly(ethyleneglycol) copolymers Cell line (mouse myoblast cell)... 

Table 3. Sorption capacity of homo- and copolymers from poly[(ethyleneimine)-co-(2,5-divinylpyridine)] (PEI-DVP)...

Ethyleneimine has been also copolymerized in the absence of an initiator by zwitterion copolymerization with maleic anhydride [79] and methacrylic acid [80]. Both copolymers were checked following the batch method for copper(II), uranium(VI) and iron(III) and did not adsorb iron(HI), but copper(II) and uranium(VI) at pH 2. Poly (ethyleneimine-co-methacrylic acid) adsorbed more than 95% UO +. The ions were almost quantitatively eluted by contact of the loaded resin with 1 M aq. H2S04 [79, 80]. 

The first demonstration of this GDS method employed polyoxazoline methodology to produce Comb-burst poly(ethyleneimine) — poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazo-line copolymers and poly(ethyleneimine) homopolymers. 

ETHYL BENZENE ETHYL BROMIDE ETHYL CHLORIDE ETHYL ETHER ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN ETHYLENE DIAMINE ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE ETHYLENE GLYCOL ETHYLENEIMINE ETHYLENE OXIDE DIETHYL KETONE DIETHYLENE GLYCOL GLYCOL ETHERS, ESTERS MEA, DEA. TEA VINYL ACETATE POLYMERS. COPOLYMERS... 

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been employed frequently as a water-soluble catalyst support [9]. Further water-soluble polymers investigated include other linear polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) [10], poly(N-alkylacrylamide)s [11], and copolymers of maleic anhydride and methylvinylether [12], as well as dendritic materials such as poly(ethyleneimin) [10a, c] or PEO derivatives of polyaryl ethers [13]. The term dendritic refers to a highly branched, tree-like structure and includes perfectly branched dendrimers as well as statistically branched, hyperbranched macromolecules. 

Graft copolymers of ethyleneimine on polyepichlorohydrine or polystyrene chelated with heavy metal ions like Hg2 , Cu2 and Cd2 + may have possibility in ion-exchange membranes for the transport of ions 31). 

Grafting of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline from chloromethylated polystyrene beads in benzonitrile at 110 °C gave graft copolymers, which were hydrolysed to poly(styrene-g-ethyleneimine) and used as chelating agents. 

The complex surface chemistry of the metal oxides (section 4.2.1.2) is incompatible with their use in a number of chromatographic techniques. Polymer coated metal oxides are seen as an important approach to extending their scope. Alumina and zirconia particles coated with poly(butadiene), poly(styrene), poly(ethylene oxide), a copolymer of chloromethylstyrene and diethoxymethylvinylsilane and succinylated poly(ethyleneimine), for example, have been prepared for use in reversed-phase, size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography [44,46,54,120,134-137]. The methods of preparation are similar to those used for porous silica. 

Typical polymeric pseudostationary phases include micelle polymers, polymeric surfactants, water-soluble anionic siloxanes and dendrimers [223-231]. Micelle polymers [e.g. poly(sodium 10-undecylenate), poly (sodium 10-undecenylsulfate), poly(sodium undeconylvalinate), etc.] are synthesized from polymerizable surfactant monomers at a concentration above their critical micelle concentration. These polymers have similar structures to micelles without the dynamic nature of the micelle structure. Polymeric surfactants are polymers with surfactant properties [e.g. acrylate copolymers, such as 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-l-propanesulfonic acid and alkyl methacrylamide, alkyl methacrylate or alkyl acrylate, poly (ally lamine)-supported phases, poly(ethyleneimine), etc]. Water-soluble anionic siloxane polymers are copolymers of alkylmethylsiloxane... 

DIN Dincer, S., Timed, A., and Piskin, E., A potential gene delivery vector N-isopropylaciylamide-ethyleneimine block copolymers, A/acrowo/. Chem. Phys., 203, 1460, 2002. 

Two older reviews summarize work in this field [124,125]. The following derivatives have been employed as porphyrins Fe(II,III) protoporphyrin-EX (heme, hemin), Fe(II,III) or Co(II) protoporphyrin-IX-diester, chlorophyllins with different metal ions in the core, Fe(II) tetraphenylporphyrin, Mg(II) or Fe(II,III) octaethylporphyrin, Fe(II,III) tetrakis[o-(alkylamido)phenyl]-porphyrin. Polymers with N-donor groups are based on proteins such as poly(L-lysine), poly(L-histidine), poly(Y-benzyl-L-glutamate) or synthetic polymers such as homopolymers and copolymers with vinylpyridine, iV-vinylimidazole or ethyleneimine. 

Poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride)/ poly (sodium styrene sulfonate) and poly(ethyleneimine)/polyacrylic acid filled with aluminum and zirconium oxide AN-maleic anhydride copolymer membrane... 

Ethyleneimine, homopolymer Ethyleneimine polymer Ethyleneimine resin. See Polyethylenimine Ethylene latex. See Polyethylene Ethylene/MA copolymer CAS 9006-26-2... 

Amides of organic acids are used more often than amines for the stabilization of pol3rvlnyl chloride. The patent and periodical literature pertaining to the stabilization of the vinyl chloride pol3nner and copolymers by amides, in particular, by derivatives of urea and thiourea, is presented rather fully inthe survey [154]. Of interest are the recommendations on the use of substituted amides of phosphoric [272] and stearic [273] acids as stabilizers of polyvinyl chloride. These amides contain three-membered ethyleneimine rings, which open readily when they react with HCl. 

Scheme P11.41 One-pot synthesis of poly(styrene-f>-ethyleneimine) block copolymer (Problem 11.4). (Drawn following the synthesis method of Weimer et al., 1998.)...

Fig. 5 Combinations of polyelectrolytes with different charge. Primary floes are formed with the help of patching, after which primary floes are linked together by bridging. P /poly(ethyleneimine), A-PAM anionic polyacrylamide copolymer. Adapted from [10]...

Cylindrical, rod-shaped dendrimer assemblies were first synthesized by TomaUa et al. as early as 1987 [35,37,177]. These structures represent some of the first examples of hybridized dendritic architecture. Since they possess a linear polymeric core and dendritic arms, they are called architectural copolymers or dendronized, linear polymers. This work was recently reported in detail [160]. The method involved the divergent dendronization of //near poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) cores... 

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