Ethylene dibromide, treatment

Disulfiram is the generic name for Antabuse, a drug used in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. Disulfiram potentiates the toxic and carcinogenic effects of 1,2-dibromoethane in experimental animals. Presumably, this occurs by blocking conversion of the aldehyde metabolite as with acetaldehyde from ethanol. There is no evidence that similar effects occur in humans. Based on animal data, however, Ayerst Laboratories, producers of Antabuse (disulfiram), recommended the following in the package insert "Patients taking Antabuse tablets should not be exposed to ethylene dibromide or its vapors" (PDR 1991). 

EIJack AFI, FIrudka F. 1979a. Pattern and dynamics of teratospermia induced in rams by parenteral treatment with ethylene dibromide. J Ultrastruct Res 67 124-134. 

The ARS Technologies, Inc., Ferox process is an in situ remediation technology for the treatment of chlorinated hydrocarbons, leachable heavy metals, and other contaminants. The process involves the subsurface injection and dispersion of reactive zero-valence iron powder into the saturated or unsaturated zones of a contaminated area. ARS Technologies claims that Ferox is applicable for treating the following chemicals trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, lindane, aromatic azo compounds, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, tetrachloroethene (PCE), nitro aromatic compounds, 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE), vinyl chloride, 4-chlorophenol, hexachloroethane, tribromomethane, ethylene dibromide (EDB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Freon-113, unexploded ordinances (UXO), and soluble metals (copper, nickel, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium). 

Radiation treatment can significantly contribute to the variety of means for quarantine disinfestation in the international trade to prevent the importation of invasive nonnative insects with food and agricultural commodities that can harbor them. The use of irradiation disinfestation in quarantine treatment has great potential especially against fruit flies. A number of past quarantine treatments have been recently prohibited, e.g., fumigation with ethylene dibromide. 

Quarantine treatment doses of several pests (mainly fruit flies) supported by adequate research vary between 0.07 and 0.225 kGy [36]. Such low doses are tolerated by most fruits. However, because of the difficulties in evaluating efficacy by acute mortality and uncertainties of dose measurements, radiation quarantine treatment research shows some inconsistencies, and thus further work is required. Nevertheless, motivated by banning fumigation with ethylene dibromide (EDB), several semicommercial trial shipments of tropical fruits have been irradiated and marketed in the continental United States since 1986, and a commercial linear accelerator e-beam/converted x-ray facility was built in Hawaii to treat fruit and began operating in August 2000 [36]. 

Induction of renal cell proliferation following administration by gavage of a single dose of 100 mg/kg bw ethylene dibromide in com oil was investigated in male Wistar rats. Incorporation of H measured in extracted DNA was used to quantitate renal cell proliferation and was five times greater than in controls 20-30 h after treatment. No tubular necrosis was observed on histological examination (Ledda-Columbano et al., 1987). 

N-alkylethylenedinitramines with ethylene-dibromide, or, preferably, by the method of Wright Chute (Ref 2). The latter method consists of converting N-alkyl ethyl enedia-mines by means of ethylene oxide to the corresponding N-alkyl-N -(2-ethanol)ethylene-diamines. followed by treatment with nitric acid and then acetic anhydride In the presence of a chloride or bromide ion ... 

When tetrahydropyridopyrimidine-3-carboxylate 562 (R = COOEt, R1 = H) was treated with carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide at 25-30°C, salt 569 was obtained in good yield (79NEP79/ 3401 82USP4321377). The alkylation of569 with dimethyl sulfate and with ethylene dibromide in ethanol afforded 9-dithioester 570 and 9-(dithiolen-2-ylidene) derivative 571, respectively. When 569 was heated in acetic anhydride for 2 hours, bis product 572 was obtained in 57% yield. 9-Imidazolidine derivative 573 was prepared from both iminium chloride 563 (R = COOEt, R1 = H, R2 = Me) and 9-dithioester 570 by treatment with ethylenediamine (Scheme 37) (79NEP79/3401 82USP4321377 83MIP1). 

Synthesis from polyethylene glycol dibromides. Treatment of a poly (ethylene glycol) dibromide with Ba(OH)2 8H2O as a source of OH" and Ba followed by pyrolysis results in a crown ether. The Ba ion acts as a template. The present method requires only one building block (with one less oxygen than the crown ether formed). Highest yields (50%) are obtained with 18-crown-6. ... 

In 1954, Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) was introduced as a product for the preplant treatment of agricultural fields to control nematodes and it is still used worldwide. EDB is a volatile, halogenated hydrocarbon that is usually marketed as a liquid. The liquid is injected 15 to 30 centimeters beneath the soil surface with a tractor driven chisel tool where the vapors permeate soil air spaces and kill the... 

Preparation of the simplest diamine, ethylene diamine, by ammonolysis of the dihalide is accompanied by the formation of diethylenediamine and triethylenetetramine other methods for its preparation are more suitable. Only the higher homologs of /3-dialkylaminoethyl bromide respond favorably to this treatment. Thus, di-n-butylaminoethyl bromide is converted to the diamine in 55% yield whereas the dimethylaminoethyl bromide undergoes extensive dimerization. Triniethylene bromide reacts with liquid ammonia to form trimethylenediamine (50%) however, experimental details are lacking. When the two halogens in the dihalide approach one another in space as in tetra- and penta-methylene dibromides, then nitrogen spiranes are the main products. ... 

Tank hydrogen was obtained from the Hoffman Laboratories, while the deuterium gas (99.5 %) came from the Atomic Energy Commission. They were purified by passage over platinized asbestos and by drying over phosphorus pentoxide. The ethylene was obtained from Matheson Co. and was purified by threefold condensation and distillation. Heavy ethylene CtDt was prepared by the addition of deuterium to heavy acetylene in the presence of 5 % palladium on charcoal at 0°. It is possible under these conditions to obtain a 60 % yield of C2D4. The product was brominated to separate off the ethane that was formed, and the ethylene regenerated from the nonvolatile dibromide by treatment with zinc. Any contamination of heavy acetylene was removed by absorption in alkaline mercuric cyanide solution. The mass spectrum revealed the presence of 1.6 % C2H3D. 

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