Ethyl ether oxidation

Such a mechanism explains why the inhibiting effect of amines decrease as the extent of the surface increases. Such a mechanism is unlikely in the inhibition of ethyl ether oxidation since there is no correlation between the acidity of the surface of the vessel and the ability of amines to inhibit the reaction (28). 

Hydrogen peroxide I hydro gen chloride Protection of hydroxyl groups as 2-(phenylseleno)ethyl ethers Oxidative removal of 0-protective groups Selenoxides as intermediates... 

Ethyl ether Eiquid air, chlorine, chromium(VI) oxide, lithium aluminum hydride, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides... 

Difluoroethanol is prepared by the mercuric oxide cataly2ed hydrolysis of 2-bromo-l,l-difluoroethane with carboxyHc acid esters and alkaH metal hydroxides ia water (27). Its chemical reactions are similar to those of most alcohols. It can be oxidi2ed to difluoroacetic acid [381-73-7] (28) it forms alkoxides with alkaH and alkaline-earth metals (29) with alkoxides of other alcohols it forms mixed ethers such as 2,2-difluoroethyl methyl ether [461-57-4], bp 47°C, or 2,2-difluoroethyl ethyl ether [82907-09-3], bp 66°C (29). 2,2-Difluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether [32778-16-8], made from the alcohol and chlorodifluoromethane ia aqueous base, has been iavestigated as an inhalation anesthetic (30,31) as have several ethers made by addition of the alcohol to various fluoroalkenes (32,33). Methacrylate esters of the alcohol are useful as a sheathing material for polymers ia optical appHcations (34). The alcohol has also been reported to be useful as a working fluid ia heat pumps (35). The alcohol is available ia research quantities for ca 6/g (1992). 

Isoprene [78-79-5] (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a colorless, volatile Hquid that is soluble in most hydrocarbons but is practically insoluble in water. Isoprene forms binary azeotropes with water, methanol, methylamine, acetonitrile, methyl formate, bromoethane, ethyl alcohol, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, ethyl formate, isopropyl nitrate, methyla1 (dimethoxymethane), ethyl ether, and / -pentane. Ternary azeotropes form with water—acetone, water—acetonitrile, and methyl formate—ethyl bromide (8). Typical properties of isoprene are Hsted in Table 1. 

An ethyl acetate yield of 24% is obtained using a copper oxide catalyst with 0.1—0.2% thoria at 350°C. Dehydration. Ethyl alcohol can be dehydrated to form ethylene or ethyl ether. 

Hydration of Ethyl Ether. Using the same type of acid catalysts as in the hydration of ethylene to ethanol, ethyl ether can be hydrated to the alcohol. Catalysts that have been used for the hydration of ether include phosphoric acid (144), sulfuric acid (145,146), hydrochloric acid (147), metallic oxides (141,148,149) and sihcates (150). Sulfuric acid concentrations ranging from 5—25% at 200°C (144) to 63—70% at 110—135°C and 1.01—1.42 MPa (10—14 atm) (148) have been claimed. 

Peroxides. These are formed by aerial oxidation or by autoxidation of a wide range of organic compounds, including diethyl ether, allyl ethyl ether, allyl phenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl ether, n-butyl ether, iso-butyl ether, r-butyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, olefins, and aromatic and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. They accumulate during distillation and can detonate violently on evaporation or distillation when their concentration becomes high. If peroxides are likely to be present materials should be tested for peroxides before distillation (for tests see entry under "Ethers", in Chapter 2). Also, distillation should be discontinued when at least one quarter of the residue is left in the distilling flask. 

Flammable gases and vapors include acetylene, hydrogen, butadiene, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrolein, ethyl ether, ethylene, acetone, ammonia, benzene, butane, cyclopropane, ethanol, gasoline, hexane, methanol, methane, natural gas, naphtha, and propane. 

In a similar attempt, Decker and Eichler reduced A -methylnor-papaverinium phenolbetaine (VIII) with tin and hydrochloric acid and obtained i/i-laudanine, m.p. 112°, pierate, m.p. 162-3°, which was subsequently investigated by Spath and Epstein, who showed that on methylation it furnished dMaudanosine and that the ethyl ether on energetic oxidation yielded veratric acid (3 4-dimethoxybenzoic acid) and the methyl ethyl ether of nor-m-hemipinic acid. This clearly indicated that the free hydroxyl group was in the woquinoline nucleus, and its position was determined by the fact that on mild oxidation 7-methoxy-6-ethoxy-l-keto-2-methyl-l 2 3 4-tetrahydrowoquinoline, m.p. 95-6°, was produced, and on this basis these authors assigned formula (IX R = H R = CH3) to -laudanine. 

Capaurine, Ci,Hj2N(OH)(OMe)4. (Items 9, 16, 17, 22 list, p. 170.) M.p. 164°. Yields an 0-methyl ether, m.p. 152°, which on oxidation by iodine to the quaternary iodide, followed by reduction to the tetrahydro-base forms capauridine methyl ether, m.p. 142° capauridine must therefore be dZ-capaurine. Capaurine ethyl ether, C23H29O5N, m.p. 134°, on oxidation furnishes 3-ethoxy-4 5-dimethoxyphthalic acid. The methyl ether on oxidation by potassium permanganate gives hemipinic acid... 

In opocinchenine the hydroxyl group must, therefore, be in the ortho-position relative to the point of attachment of the benzene ring to the quinoline nucleus. The relative positions of the two ethyl groups are determined by the fact that apocincheninic acid ethyl ether on oxidation with lead peroxide and sulphuric acid gives the lactone of hydroxyopo-cincheninic acid ethyl ether (I), which, on oxidation by sodium hypo-bromite, yields quinolylphenetoledicarboxylic acid (II). 

Both LFL and UFL valnes for mixtnres can be estimated by nse of the Le Chatelier eqnation (Growl and Lonvar 1990). However, the methods have some limitations with respect to calcnlating the UFL for certain mixtnres. Britton (1996) determined that the eqnation does not apply to the UFL of mixtnres containing decomposable components snch as ethylene oxide or to mixtnres containing ethyl ether. Mashnga and Growl (2000) discnss the derivation of Le Chatelier s mixing rnle for flammable limits. 

Xthyl at, n. ethylate, -atber, m. ethyl ether, >azetat, n, ethyl acetate, -blau, n, ethyl blue. AthyleQi n, ethylene, -bindung, /, ethylene linkage, double bond, -jodid, n. ethylene iodide, -oryd, n. ethylene oxide, -reihe, /. ethylene series, -verbindung, /. ethylene compound,... 

Cyclohexadiene has been prepared by dehydration of cyclohexen-3-ol,3 by pyrolysis at 540° of the diacetate of cyclohexane-1,2-diol,4 by dehydrobromination with quinoline of 3-hromocyclohexene,6 by treating the ethyl ether of cyclohexen-3-ol with potassium bisulfatc,6 7 by heating cyclohexene oxide with phthalic anhydride,8 by treating cyclohexane-1,2-diol with concentrated sulfuric acid,9 by treatment of 1,2-dibromocyclo-hexane with tributylamine,10 with sodium hydroxide in ethylene glycol,10 and with quinoline,6 and by treatment of 3,6-dibromo-cyclohexene with sodium.6... 

Adsorption column chromatography has been employed to separate the constituents of pyrethrum. Florisil and aluminum oxide have been used as adsorption columns to retain much of the pigmented materials. The pyrethroids may be caused to elute with several solvents. In our experience mixtures of hexane with ethyl acetate, methanol, ethyl ether, dichloromethane, or acetone have provided different elution patterns. 

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, see Methyl cellosolve Ethylenimine, see Aziridine Ethylene oxide Ethyl ether... 

Materials and Purification. Chemicals were purchased from Aldrich chemical company and used as received unless otherwise noted 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane, ethylene glycol, triphosgene, poly(ethylene oxide) (MW = 600), poly(tetramethylene oxide) (MW = 1000), poly(caprolactonediol) (MW = 530), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), anhydrous ethanol (Barker Analyzed), L-lysine monohydride (Sigma) and methylene bis-4-phenyl isocyanate (MDI) (Kodak). Ethyl ether (Barker Analyzer), triethylamine and dimethyl acetamide were respectively dried with sodium, calcium hydride and barium oxide overnight, and then distilled. Thionyl chloride and diethylphosphite were distilled before use. 

To test this approach, 5 g samples -300 mesh Tyler, of a low-rank vitrinite, were stirred for 6 hrs in liquid ammonia (150 ml -33°C) containing 5 gms of potassium amide and 5 g of sodium amide. (The amides were formed in the medium, before introducing the coal, by action of anhydrous ferric oxide (1 g) or ferric chloride (1.5 g) on alkali metals.) Thereafter, 100 ml of anhydrous ethyl ether was added, the suspended coal material ethylated with C2H5Br (32 ml), and the reaction mixture stirred until all ammonia and ether had evaporated. Following... 

The assessors experienced an explosion while drying the oxide in ethyl ether. Rather drastic precautions are recommended in handling it [1], A preparation, allowed to stand for a week rather than the day specified, exploded during concentration [2], Amine oxides from the standard preparation are inclined to retain hydrogen peroxide of hydration unless it is destroyed during work-up. The perox-idate (or diperoxidate) of dimethylamine oxide would be expected to be far more dangerous than the oxide itself [3],... 

Sapsucker Woods S.W. soil, S.W. ethyl ether extracted soil, humin, oxidized... 

Korkisch and Koch [106,107] determined low concentrations of uranium in seawater by extraction and ion exchange in a solvent system containing trioctyl phosphine oxide. Uranium is extracted from the sample solution (adjusted to be 1 M in hydrochloric acid and to contain 0.5% of ascorbic acid) with 0.1 M trioctylphos-phine oxide in ethyl ether. The extract is treated with sufficient 2-methoxyethanol and 12 M hydrochloric acid to make the solvent composition 2-methoxyethanol-0.1 M ethereal trioctylphosphine acid-12 M hydrochloric acid (9 10 1) this solution is applied to a column of Dowex 1-X8 resin (Cl" form). Excess of trioctylphosphine oxide is removed by washing the column with the same solvent mixture. Molybdenum is removed by elution with 2-methoxyethanol-30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide-12 M hydrochloric... 

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