Science observations

In the late 1970 s a very ambitious project to build a 10-m diameter segmented mirror telescope was begun, called the Keck Observatory. This project was formally begun in 1984 and completed and began science observations in 1993. 

The second telescope was completed in 1996 and began science observations in that year. Each of these telescopes has a suite of science instruments... 

The Lick AO system demonstrated the first wavefront correction using a Na LGS (Max et al., 1997), and engineering tests demonstrated LGS corrected Strehls of 0.5-0.6 at 2.2 m (Fig. 15, Gavel et al., 2003). In 2002, the LGS system was turned over to the Observatory staff for operation in science observing mode. It is used almost 100 nights per year. The first refereed science paper using a sodium LGS/AO system was published by Perrin et al. (2004). 

Practical activities should embody as best as possible the scientifie proeesses that have been preseribed by the American Association for the Advancement of Science observation, elassification, numerieal relations, measurements, time-spaee relations, eommunieation (oral, pictorial, written), deriving of conclusions, prediction ( what would happen if. .hypothesis making, production of operational definitions, identifieation and control of variables, experiment and explanation of experimental data. Different theoretical perspectives should be used with the aim to optimize the positive eognitive and affeetive outcomes. The use, sometimes together, sometimes separately, of different perspeetives can act complimentarily and can lead to positive results (Niaz, 1993 Tsaparhs, 1997). 

Knorr-Cetina, Karin D. "The Ethnographic Study of Scientific Work Towards a Constructivist Interpretation of Science." Science Observed. Ed. Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay. Hollywood Sage, 1983. Pp. 115140. 

Researchers have recognized that the legions where ample sunshine is available for harvesting seldom coincide with the population and industrial centers of the world, Further, solar energy is of an intermittent nature because it depends upon clear skies with no cloud cover. I. Dostiovsky (Weizmann Institute of Science) observes that most of the limited amount... 

Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1983) The ethnographic study of scientific work. Towards a constructivist interpretation of science. In K.D. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay (eds) Science Observed (pp. 115-140). London Sage. 

Latour, B. Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World. In Science Observed, ed. M. Mulkay and K. Knorr-Cetina, 141-70. London Sage Publications, 1983. 

K. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay, Introduction Emerging Principles in the Social Studies of Science) in K. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay (eds). Science Observed Perspectives in the Social Studies of Science (Beverly Hills, CA and London Sage Publications, 1983), pp. 1-17, p. 6. 

Carr, Joseph J. Radio Science Observing. 2 vols. Indianapolis, Ind. Prompt Publications, 1999. Contains radio astronomy ideas, circuits, and projects... 

Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology. Astronomy is an observational science. Observations are made by a variety of instruments, including optical telescopes, radio telescopes, infrared and ultraviolet telescopes, and gamma-ray and X-ray telescopes. However, instead of simply taking photographs to study, modern astronomers measure spectra, intensities, and many other properties to understand the olgects of their study. Some of the instruments they use are located at ground-based observatories with lai e telescopes, and others are located in orbit around Earth in space-based observatories, the most famous of which is the Hubble Space Telescope. 

In other words, the researchers in natural sciences, observing the objective reality, should propose equations by which linking the causes (and they must often be intuited) with the observed effects, then to solve these equations (and often this can not be in an exact way), then check the solutions obtained in concrete cases (and an equation with a viable solution have to cover a large number of phenomena observed), and finally to compare the numerical values obtained with those observed (in fact measured by experiment-and there appeared again a big problem, that of the measured phenomenon objectivity when it is isolated or challenged... 

Keshan Disease Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Observations on effect of sodium selenite in prevention of Keshan disease (1979) Chin. Med. J. 92 471-477... 

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