Ether-ester polyols

Building blocks for polymers Dicarboxylic acids Ether-/ester polyols... 

The synthesised polyester polyols obtained by propoxylation of different starter systems having hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, are in fact ether-ester polyols. 

Practically all the polyester polyols based on DEG or DPG are in fact ether-ester polyols, because they have in the same structure ether and ester groups. 

Recently, new poly(ether ester) polyols were synthesized by epoxidation, followed by hydroxylation and transesterification with 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol (Kong et al., 2011,2012) (Fig. 3.3). This reaction has the peculiarity of yielding polyols which do not contain the glycerol backbone. The hydroxyl number of these polyols ranges from 270 to 320mgKOH/g. 

Synthetic oils have been classified by ASTM into synthetic hydrocarbons, organic esters, others, and blends. Synthetic oils may contain the following compounds diaLkylben2enes, poly(a-olefins) polyisobutylene, cycloaUphatics, dibasic acid esters, polyol esters, phosphate esters, siUcate esters, polyglycols, polyphenyl ethers, siUcones, chlorofluorocarbon polymers, and perfluoroalkyl polyethers. 

Waxy polyol ether-esters, as for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitol. 

Ester polyol/TDI Diamine cure Traditional, Caprolactone, polycarbonate subtypes Ether polyol/MDI Hydroxyl cure Both C3 and C4 subtypes... 

Ethylenic polymers and polyol ether-esters ( Carboxwax, sorbitol)... 

In view of the functionality thus created, it is interesting to consider possible applications for the epoxldlzed oils mentioned as epoxy monomers per se. Indeed, some epoxldlzed oils are commonly used as reactive diluents for other epoxy prepolymers in order to reduce cost or Improve processability (10,11) examples claimed in reference 11 Include epoxldlzed linseed, butylated linseed, soybean, and tall oils. However, although some fundfimental studies of the effects of monofunctional reactive diluents on the viscoelastic and other properties of epoxy resins have been published (see, for example, reference 12), little or no analogous Information on the effects of multifunctional reactive diluents appears to exist. At the same time, some reactive additives such as polyols (13), poly(ether esters) (14) and carboxy-terminated elastomers (15) have been used to provide an elastomeric toughening phase for epoxies. 

Non-ionic anti-static agents are the most important group, comprising ethoxylated alkylamines or amides, fatty acid esters, and esters or ethers of polyols. Glycerol monostearate (GMS) and ethyloxylated amines (EA) make up more than 50% of the total classical anti-statics market. They are mainly used in polyolefins and styrenics. There is a further class of non-ionics based on amides that overcomes the corrosiveness of EA, which can harm packaged goods. 

Moeini HR. 2007. Preparation and properties of novel green poly(ether-ester urethane)s insulating coatings based on polyols derived from glycolyzed PET, castor oil, and adipic acid and blocked isocyanate. J Appl Polym Sci 106 1853-1859. 

Properties Pale yel. solid, polyol odor sol. in water, aliphatic ketones, alcohols, glycol ethers, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons si. sol. in aliphatic hydrocarbons sp.gr. 1.08 (70 C) vapor pressure < 0.1 mm Hg acid no. 0.1-0.3 hyd. no. 73.4-81.4 flash pt. (PMCC) > 300 F Toxicology Not expected to cause skin or eye irritation Precaution Incompat. with strong oxidizing materials Hazardous decomp, prods. Thermal decomp, may produce CO ... 

The boric and sulfuric acids are recycled to a HBF solution by reaction with CaF2. As a strong acid, fluoroboric acid is frequently used as an acid catalyst, eg, in synthesizing mixed polyol esters (29). This process provides an inexpensive route to confectioner s hard-butter compositions which are substitutes for cocoa butter in chocolate candies (see Chocolate and cocoa). Epichlorohydrin is polymerized in the presence of HBF for eventual conversion to polyglycidyl ethers (30) (see Chlorohydrins). A more concentrated solution, 61—71% HBF, catalyzes the addition of CO and water to olefins under pressure to form neo acids (31) (see Carboxylic acids). 

Heteroatom functionalized terpene resins are also utilized in hot melt adhesive and ink appHcations. Diels-Alder reaction of terpenic dienes or trienes with acrylates, methacrylates, or other a, P-unsaturated esters of polyhydric alcohols has been shown to yield resins with superior pressure sensitive adhesive properties relative to petroleum and unmodified polyterpene resins (107). Limonene—phenol resins, produced by the BF etherate-catalyzed condensation of 1.4—2.0 moles of limonene with 1.0 mole of phenol have been shown to impart improved tack, elongation, and tensile strength to ethylene—vinyl acetate and ethylene—methyl acrylate-based hot melt adhesive systems (108). Terpene polyol ethers have been shown to be particularly effective tackifiers in pressure sensitive adhesive appHcations (109). 

Carboxylic Acid Esters. In the carboxyflc acid ester series of surfactants, the hydrophobe, a naturally occurring fatty acid, is solubilized with the hydroxyl groups of polyols or the ether and terminal hydroxyl groups of ethylene oxide chains. 

The dihydroxylation of alkenes is a useful sttategy for the synthesis of polyols and these can be nitrated to the corresponding nitrate esters. Evans and Gallaghan " synthesized both the mono- (74) and di- (70) allyl ethers of pentaerythritol and used these for the synthesis of some novel nitrate ester explosives. 

This procedure offers a convenient method for the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols2 and thiols2 under mild conditions. Its success depends on the high efficiency of 4-dialkylaminopyridines as nucleophilic catalysts 1n group transfer reactions. The esterification proceeds without the need of a preformed, activated carboxylic acid derivative, at room temperature, under nonacidic, mildly basic conditions. In addition to dichloromethane other aprotic solvents of comparable polarity such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile can be used. The reaction can be applied to a wide variety of acids and alcohols, including polyols,2 6 a-hydroxycarboxylic acid esters,7 and even very acid labile... 

Organic acids Amines Polyols Alcohols Esters Ketones Aldehydes Ethers Aromatics Olefins... 

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