Ethanol commercial uses

INEOSbio Biomass gasification/gas fermentation 8 million Commercial Syngas from gasification Ethanol Florida, US/V2013 Operational INEOS... 

American Process Commercial US Lignocellulosics, woody biomass Ethanol Operational... 

Range Euels Commercial US Lignocellulosics, wood and wood waste from timber harvesting operations Ethanol, methanol Operational... 

Eulcrum BioEnergy s Sierra Biofuels Plant Commercial US MSW Ethanol, power Under commissioning... 

DuPont Commercial US Lignocellulosics, com stover, switchgrass Ethanol Under constmction... 

With high oil prices the interest in alternative sources for hydrocarbon feedstock has increased and technologies to convert bio-ethanol into ethene (see Figure 9.1) are moving to commercial scale (see Chapter 9.3). In combination with new processes, renewable feedstock represents alternative routes to petrochemical production which are becoming competitive at an oil price above 40 US per barrel. ... 

The commercial success of pervaporation has been a disappointment to many process developers. Current pervaporation sales worldwide are probably less than US 10 million almost all are for dehydration of ethanol or isopropanol solutions using water-permeable poly (vinyl alcohol) or equivalent membranes. A smaller market also exists for the separation of volatile organics from water using silicone-rubber membranes. 

Commercial PMMA plates were obtained from Weiwei Kou (he helped us to obtain the PMMA plates from Shanghai Nanlian Plastic Products Corporation). The PMMA plates were cut into small pieces (10 x 20 nun). They were cleaned hy soaking in water with a detergent and processed in an ultrasonic cleaner for 15 min and then rinsed with copious amount of deionized water. Finally, they were dried under a stream of nitrogen. Stearic acid was obtained from Beijing Shunyi Chemical Plant, China. Ethylenediamine and anhydrous ethanol (Beijing Chemical Plant, China) were used as received. 

Fermentation certainly is the oldest unit process in organic chemistry. When fermentation became commercial is lost in the mists of time, but many of us think of the heyday of fermentation as occurring during World War II, when ethanol was made for butadiene manufacture. Thereafter fermentation was replaced by petrochemical sources. 

Eq.l6.A is the correct overall chemical description of a reaction that is carried out on a massive industrial scale to make ethanol for motor fuels (Brazil produces about 25 billion pounds a year), and on a small scale in thousand of breweries, wineries, moonshine operations and home beer and wine operations (most often using cheaper impure sugar or starch sources, like grapes, barley or com). But we only know how to carry it out in aqueous solution, with the aid of living cells (mostly yeasts in commercial practice, some others in laboratory settings). Any reaction with K= 10 is practically irreversible, so this calculation tells us that it should be possible to conduct the reaction (which most of us already knew) but little else. 

Com with endogenous alpha-amylase has been developed for dry grind ethanol production (Singh et al., 2006a,b). Physical characteristics of this corn are similar to regular yellow dent com. Currently this corn is being used in more than six commercial dry grind ethanol plants in the US. Expression levels of alpha-amylase in this com are... 

TLC is destructive of some of the material under test, but it has the advantage of being quick and inexpensive. Pyridine is recommended as a solvent for glycol-based ballpoint inks, and ethanol/water for non-ballpoint inks. Since 1968, the US treasury has been compiling a library of commercially used inks, and in the 1990s, there was an attempt to persuade manufacturers to tag inks by year of manufacture, but this would need to be a worldwide effort to produce a seriously useful database. 

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