Solubility ethane

There are only few data sets of aqueous solubility for systems with hydrates (1) methane and ethane solubility in water as a function of temperature ramping rate (Song et al. 1997), (2) carbon dioxide solubility in water by Yamane and Aya (1995), (3) methane in water and in seawater (Besnard et al., 1997), (4) methane in water in Lw-H region [see Servio and Englezos (2002) and Chou and Burruss, Personal Communication, December 18,2006, Chapter 6], As a standard for comparison, Handa s (1990) calculations for aqueous methane solubility are reported in Table 4.3. 

The effect of solid structure on the solubilities of n-alkanes in supercritical ethane has been investigated at a temperature just above the critical point of ethane. Solubilities of n-alkanes containing 28 to 33 carbon atoms in ethane at 308.15K and pressures up to 20 MPa are reported in this work. The enhancement factor is shown to exhibit a regular trend with the number of carbon atoms in the n-alkane, although different trends are exhibited by the odd and even members of the series. 

The orange-red solid is moisture sensitive and should be handled in a glove bag and stored in a Teflon -stoppered flask under nitrogen. For long-term storage, the flask should be kept in a desiccator containing calcium chloride. The solid gives dark red solutions when soluble 1,1,1-trichloroethane (soluble), 1,2-dichloro-ethane (soluble), toluene (low solubility), dichloromethane (insoluble), and o-dichlorobenzene (insoluble). The physical properties have been reviewed. ... 

Reaction of one mole of acetaldehyde and excess phenol in the presence of a mineral acid catalyst gives l,l-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethane [2081-08-5], acid catalysts, acetaldehyde, and three moles or less of phenol yield soluble resins. Hardenable resins are difficult to produce by alkaline condensation of acetaldehyde and phenol because the acetaldehyde tends to undergo aldol condensation and self-resinification (see Phenolic resins). 

Cyanogen (Ethane dinitrile, Prussite) (CN)2 Highly poisonous gas similar to HCN Colourless flammable gas with a pungent almondlike odour, becoming acrid in higher concentrations Water soluble Vapour density 1.8... 

Whilst some organic compounds can be investigated in aqueous solution, it is frequently necessary to add an organic solvent to improve the solubility suitable water-miscible solvents include ethanol, methanol, ethane-1,2-diol, dioxan, acetonitrile and acetic (ethanoic) acid. In some cases a purely organic solvent must be used and anhydrous materials such as acetic acid, formamide and diethylamine have been employed suitable supporting electrolytes in these solvents include lithium perchlorate and tetra-alkylammonium salts R4NX (R = ethyl or butyl X = iodide or perchlorate). 

Holder and Maass34 found that the lower critical end point was at 44.85°C, that is, 12.5°C above the critical temperature of pure ethane. They did not measure the pressure and their claim of having detected different solubilities in different parts of the fluid at temperatures above this point probably does not apply to a system at equilibrium in the absence of a gravitational field.66... 

Detailed measurements of the solubility between the lower and upper critical end points have been made only for the solutions in ethylene of naphthalene,14 hexachlorethane,30 and />-iodochloro-benzene.21 Atack and Schneider2 have used dilute solutions of the last-named substance to study the formation of clusters near the gas-liquid critical point of ethane. 

The solubilities of adamantane and diamantane in supercritical (dense) methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide gases have been measured by a number of investigators [35-37] at a few temperatures with various pressures and solvent densities. These measurements are reported in Figs. 9-12. 

The data of Smith [35] is reported graphically in Fig. 11 and shows the effect of pressure on the solubility of adamantane in various supercritical solvents (carbon dioxide, methane, and ethane) at 333 K. 

A graphical representation of diamantane solubility data [36] in various supercritical solvents (carbon dioxide and ethane at 333 K and methane at 353 K) is shown in Fig. 12. 

Figure 12. Effect of pressure on solubility (in units of mole fraction) of diamantane in dense (supercritical) gases at 333 K (for carbon dioxide and ethane) and at 353 K (for methane). Data from Ref. [35].

Finally, Jessop and coworkers describe an organometalhc approach to prepare in situ rhodium nanoparticles [78]. The stabilizing agent is the surfactant tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. The hydrogenation of anisole, phenol, p-xylene and ethylbenzoate is performed under biphasic aqueous/supercritical ethane medium at 36 °C and 10 bar H2. The catalytic system is poorly characterized. The authors report the influence of the solubility of the substrates on the catalytic activity, p-xylene was selectively converted to czs-l,4-dimethylcyclohexane (53% versus 26% trans) and 100 TTO are obtained in 62 h for the complete hydrogenation of phenol, which is very soluble in water. 

Acetaldehyde (Acetic aldehyde, ethanal) CHjCHO -38 185 4.0-55.0 0.8 1.5 21 Colourless fuming liquid Pungent odour Irritant Water soluble Can polymerize exothermically, form explosive peroxides, or react violently with other chemicals... 

Fontes tt al. [224,225 addressed the acid—base effects of the zeolites on enzymes in nonaqueous media by looking at how these materials affected the catalytic activity of cross-linked subtilisin microcrystals in supercritical fluids (C02, ethane) and in polar and nonpolar organic solvents (acetonitrile, hexane) at controlled water activity (aw). They were interested in how immobilization of subtilisin on zeolite could affected its ionization state and hence their catalytic performances. Transesterification activity of substilisin supported on NaA zeolite is improved up to 10-fold and 100-fold when performed under low aw values in supercritical-C02 and supercritical-ethane respectively. The increase is also observed when increasing the amount of zeolite due not only to a dehydrating effect but also to a cation exchange process between the surface proton of the enzyme and the sodium ions of the zeolite. The resulting basic form of the enzyme enhances the catalytic activity. In organic solvent the activity was even more enhanced than in sc-hexane, 10-fold and 20-fold for acetonitrile and hexane, respectively, probably due to a difference in the solubility of the acid byproduct. 

Wirth, P., Souppe, J., Tritsch, D., and Biellmann, J.F. (1991) Chemical modification of horseradish peroxidase with ethanal-MePEG Solubility in organic solvents, activity and properties. Bioorg. Chem. 19, 133-142. 

Vitamin B12 catalyzed also the dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) to tri-chloroethene (TCE) and 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) in the presence of dithiothreitol or Ti(III) citrate [137-141], but zero-valent metals have also been used as bulk electron donors [142, 143]. With vitamin B12, carbon mass recoveries were 81-84% for PCE reduction and 89% for TCE reduction cis-l,2-DCE, ethene, and ethyne were the main products [138, 139]. Using Ni(II) humic acid complexes, TCE reduction was more rapid, leading to ethane and ethene as the primary products [144, 145]. Angst, Schwarzenbach and colleagues [140, 141] have shown that the corrinoid-catalyzed dechlorinations of the DCE isomers and vinyl chloride (VC) to ethene and ethyne were pH-dependent, and showed the reactivity order 1,1-DCE>VC> trans-DCE>cis-DCE. Similar results have been obtained by Lesage and colleagues [146]. Dror and Schlautmann [147, 148] have demonstrated the importance of specific core metals and their solubility for the reactivity of a porphyrin complex. 

Propane - Water System. The interaction parameters for the propane - water system were obtained over a temperature range from 42°F to 310°F using exclusively the data of Kobayashi and Katz (24). This is because among the available literature on the phase behavior of this binary system, their data appear to give the most extensive information. A constant interaction parameter was obtained for the propane-rich phases at all temperatures. The magnitude of the temperature - dependent interaction parameter for this binary was less than that for the ethane - water binary at the same temperature. Azarnoosh and McKetta (25) also presented experimental data for the solubility of propane in water over about the same temperature range as that of Kobayashi and Katz but at pressures up to 500 psia only. However, a different set of temperature - dependent parameters... 

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