Ethane nitration

Nitric Ether. See under Ethane Nitrate in Vol 6, E143-R... 

Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Chlorine gas. Methylene chloride. Calcium chloride Acetone, Sulfuric acid. Chlorine gas. Chloroform, Calcium chloride Dimethoxy ethane, Nitrate trihydrate. Liquid hydrogen cyanide 3-Pyridol, Ethylmethylamine, Formaldehyde, Pyridine, Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, Sodium carbonate, Chloroform, Sodium sulfate, 1,10-Dibromodecane, Acetone, Acetonitrile, Charcoal, Ethyl acetate... 

The simpler nitrop>arafIins (nitromethane, nitroethane, 1- and 2-nitroproj)ane) are now cheap commercial products. They are obtained by the vapour phase nitration of the hydrocarbons a gaseous mixture of two mols of hydrocarbon and 1 mol of nitric acid vapour is passed through a narrow reaction tube at 420-476°. Thus with methane at 476° a 13 per cent, conversion into nitro methane is obtained ethane at 420° gives a 9 1 mixture of nitroethane (b.p. 114°) and nitromethane (b.p. 102°) propane at 420° afifords a 21 per cent, yield of a complex mixture of 1- (b.p. 130-6°) and 2-nitropropane (b.p. 120°), nitroethane and nitromethane, which are separated by fractional distillation. 

Only 20—40% of the HNO is converted ia the reactor to nitroparaffins. The remaining HNO produces mainly nitrogen oxides (and mainly NO) and acts primarily as an oxidising agent. Conversions of HNO to nitroparaffins are up to about 20% when methane is nitrated. Conversions are, however, often ia the 36—40% range for nitrations of propane and / -butane. These differences ia HNO conversions are explained by the types of C—H bonds ia the paraffins. Only primary C—H bonds exist ia methane and ethane. In propane and / -butane, both primary and secondary C—H bonds exist. Secondary C—H bonds are considerably weaker than primary C—H bonds. The kinetics of reaction 6 (a desired reaction for production of nitroparaffins) are hence considerably higher for both propane and / -butane as compared to methane and ethane. Experimental results also iadicate for propane nitration that more 2-nitropropane [79-46-9] is produced than 1-nitropropane [108-03-2]. Obviously the hydroxyl radical attacks the secondary bonds preferentially even though there are more primary bonds than secondary bonds. 

Conversions per pass of NO2 to nitroparaffins tend to be significantly less than when HNO is used. When propane is nitrated with NO2, conversions are as high as 27%, but they are much less for nitrations of methane and ethane. The remaining NO2 reacts mainly to produce NO, and a considerable number of oxidation steps occur. The theoretically maximum conversion of NO2 to nitroparaffins is 66.7%. 

The only method utilized commercially is vapor-phase nitration of propane, although methane (70), ethane, and butane also can be nitrated quite readily. The data in Table 5 show the typical distribution of nitroparaffins obtained from the nitration of propane with nitric acid at different temperatures (71). Nitrogen dioxide can be used for nitration, but its low boiling point (21°C) limits its effectiveness, except at increased pressure. Nitrogen pentoxide is a powerful nitrating agent for alkanes however, it is expensive and often gives polynitrated products. 

Can be prepd by treating an aq soln of nitro-ethane and formaldehyde with a little K carbonate or bicarbonate. On nitration it yields an expl, Nitroisobutylglycol dinitrate (see below) Refs 1) Beil 1,480 [547] 2) L. Henry,... 

An apparent particle size effect for the hydrodechlorination of 2-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol was observed by Keane et al. [147], Investigating silica supported Ni catalysts (derived from either nickel nitrate or nickel ethane-diamine) with particles in the size range between 1.4 and 16.8 nm, enhanced rates for both reactions were observed with increased size over the full range (Figure 13). As electronic factors can be ruled out in this dimension, the observed behavior is traced back to some sort of ensemble effect, known from CFC transformations over Pd/Al203... 

Typical reaction products of NO removal in non-thermal plasma in the presence of propylene, predicted by the model in Martin et al. and Dorai and Kushner [86,88], include formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) methyl oxirane (C3H60), gly-coxal (CHO-CHO), methyl nitrite (CH3ONO), methyl nitrate (CH30N02), and 2-nitroso ethanal (ONCH2CHO). 

There are some cases where o-substitution occurs to the almost total exclusion of any p-attack. These commonly arise from complexing of the substituent already present with the attacking electrophile so that the latter is steered into the adjacent o-position. Thus when the ether l-methoxy-2-pheny ethane (58) is nitrated with nitrating mixture, 32 % o- and 59 % p-isomers are obtained (quite a normal distribution) but nitration with N205 in MeCN results in the formation of 69 % o-and 28% p-isomers. This preferential o-attack in the second case is believed to proceed ... 

CHLOROETHANOL ETHYL FLUORIDE ETHYL IODIDE ETHYLENEIMINE ACETAMIDE N-METHYLFORMAMIDE NITROETHANE ETHYL-NITRATE ETHANE... 

Recently, a large anionic pigment has been intercalated into an LDH host by ion-exchange of an Mg/Al LDH nitrate precursor with a solution of C.I. Pigment Red 48 2 (the calcium salt of 4-((5-chloro-4-methyl-2-sulfophenyl)azo)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthalene-carboxylic acid), in ethane-1,2-diol [215]. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra of C.I. Pigment Red... 

Titanium dioxide suspended in an aqueous solution and irradiated with UV light X = 365 nm) converted benzene to carbon dioxide at a significant rate (Matthews, 1986). Irradiation of benzene in an aqueous solution yields mucondialdehyde. Photolysis of benzene vapor at 1849-2000 A yields ethylene, hydrogen, methane, ethane, toluene, and a polymer resembling cuprene. Other photolysis products reported under different conditions include fulvene, acetylene, substituted trienes (Howard, 1990), phenol, 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-phenol, nitrobenzene, formic acid, and peroxyacetyl nitrate (Calvert and Pitts, 1966). Under atmospheric conditions, the gas-phase reaction with OH radicals and nitrogen oxides resulted in the formation of phenol and nitrobenzene (Atkinson, 1990). Schwarz and Wasik (1976) reported a fluorescence quantum yield of 5.3 x 10" for benzene in water. 

Expl mixts are formed from Ethane Azido-nitrate, NG, NaNOaf wood meal CaCOg or other mixts (Ref 2)... 

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