Estimation of energy expenditure

Measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production at the same time, again a simple procedure using a spirometei provides information on the mixture of metabolic fuels being metabolized. In the metabolism of starch, the same amount of carbon dioxide is produced as oxygen is consumed, i.e. the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed (the respiratory quotient) = 1.0. This is because the overall reaction is + 60 6CO + bH O. 

Proportionally more oxygen is required for the oxidation of fat. The major process involved is the oxidation of-CH - units -CH + PA — CO + H O. Allowing 

The metabolism of proteins gives a ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed that is intermediate between that of carbohydrate and fat - this is because proteins contain relatively more oxygen per carbon than do fats, although less than carbohydrates. For protein metabolism the respiratory quotient = 0.8. The amount of protein being oxidized can be determined quite separately, by measurement of the excretion of urea, the end-product of amino acid metabolism (section 9.3.1.4). 

Measurement of the respiratory quotient and urinary excretion of urea thus permits calculation of the relative amounts of fat, carbohydrate and protein being metabolized. In the fasting state (section 5.3.2), when a relatively large amount of fat is being used as a fuel, the respiratory quotient is around 0.8-0.85 after a meal, when there is more carbohydrate available to be metabolized (section 5.3.1), the respiratory quotient 

Ta B L E 5.1 Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in oxidation of metabolic fuels 

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Klyashtorin, L.B. and Smirnov, B.P. (1983). On the estimation of energy expenditure on respiration by fish (In Russian). In Physiological Principles of Respiration in Marine and Diadromous Fishes (J.A. Shekanova, ed.), pp.76-81. Legkaya i pishchevaya promyshlennost, Moscow. 

Smartex Wearable Wellness System Smartex s.r.l. Bra, shirt Cardiac data, respiratory, body posture and movement (accelerometers), estimation of energy expenditure, steps/min Electronic device contains accelerometers and is inserted into a front pocket at chest (Smartex s.r.l., 2014h)... 

Figure 5.1 The estimation of energy expenditure using dual isotopically labelled water...

Brosh, A., Y. Aharoni, A. A. Degen, D. Wright and B. Young, 1998. Estimation of energy expenditure from heart rate measurements in cattle maintained under different conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 76, 3054-3064. 

Energy Requirements Are Estimated by Measurement of Energy Expenditure... 

Estimate the energy expenditure for a steady process involving oxidation of 425 g/day glucose at 310 K and 1 atm. 

An adult male has an oxygen uptake of about 21.16 mol over 24 h, and the associated elimination of carbon dioxide and nitrogen is 16.95 mol and 5.76 g, respectively. The male has performed 0.12MJ of external work over the same period and his energy expenditure at rest is = 70 W. Estimate his energy expenditure, heat loss, and net efficiency for the external work. 

Servais S B and Webster J G 1984 Estimating human energy expenditure using an accelerometer device J. Clin. Eng. 9 159-71 Dechow P C 1988 Strain gages Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation ed J G Webster (New York Wiley) pp 2715-21 Lawton R W and Collins C C 1959 Calibration of an aortic circumference gauge... 

Wong, W. W Butte, N. F., Garza, C., and Klein, P. D. (1990). Comparison of energy expenditure estimated in healthy infants using the doubly labelled water and energy balance methods. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 44, 175-184. 

The comparison of sequences with direct and indirect separation in the first column, with three columns, with prefractionator and complex colunm, and of Petlyuk column (Figs. 8.1 and 6.12c, d) was made in the works (Petlyuk Platonov, 1965 Petlyuk et al., 1965). The summary flow rate of vapor V and expenditures of energy of separation W were used for estimation of the expenditures. 

The amount of protein synthesized by a 70 kg man and therefore, if he is in nitrogen balance, of protein broken down is estimated to be about 200 g day" . In terms of energy expenditure it is therefore quite an expensive process but it is obviously of great physiological significance since it plays an indispensable role in tissue growth and remodelling. More specifically protein turnover ... 

Although indirect calorimetry has considerable advantages over direct calorimetry, it still only permits measurement of energy expenditure over a period of a few hours. A more recent technique permits estimation of total energy expenditure over a period of 1—2 weeks. This method depends on the administration of dual isotopically labelled water, The rate at which the labelled water is lost from the body is determined... 

Calorimetry The measurement of energy expenditure by heat output indirect calorimetry estimates heat output from oxygen consumption. 

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relation between daily grazing behavior and milk yield on HR of grazing cows and to estimate the energy expenditure of cows supplemented with different levels of concentrate. 

Lachica, M. and J.F. Aguilera, 2003. Estimation of energy needs in the free-ranging goat with particular reference to the assessment of its energy expenditure by the C-bicarhonate method. Small Rum. Res. 49, 303-318. 

Estimates of Selected Energy-Related Federal Tax Expenditures, FY 1999-2QQ3... 

Energy expenditure can be determined directly by measuring heat output from the body but is normally estimated indirectly from the consumption of oxygen. There is an energy expenditure of 20 kJ/L of oxygen consumed regardless of whether the fuel being metabo-... 

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