Total energy expenditure

The process of active ttanspott differs from diffusion in that molecules ate ttanspotted away from thermodynamic equilibrium hence, energy is required. This energy can come from the hydrolysis of ATP, from electron movement, ot from light. The maintenance of electtochemical gtadients in biologic systems is so important that it consumes pethaps 30—40% of the total energy expenditure in a cell. 

W = weight in kg, El = height in cm, A = age in years Energy expenditure then should be multiplied by a stress factor to estimate the total energy expenditure (TEE) ... 

The hormone triiodothyronine (T3) accelerates both total energy expenditure and protein degradation. The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland is thyroxine, which is converted to the active hormone T3 in a process that removes an iodine atom from the 5 position of the thyronine ring. If, however, an iodine atom is removed from the 3 position, the result is the formation of reverse-Ts... 

Tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone, AFFINITY LABELING TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE TPCK... 

Pirke, K.M., Trimborn, P., Platte, P., et al. (1991) Average total energy expenditure in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and healthy young women. Biol Psychiatry 30 711-718. 

Thermic effect of food The production of heat by the body increases as much as thirty percent above the resting level during the digestion and absorption of food. This effect is called the thermic effect of food or diet-induced thermogenesis. Over a 24-hour period, the thermic response to food intake may amount to five to ten percent of the total energy expenditure. 

Estimated total energy expenditure in a typical 20-year-old woman,... 

Therefore, using Eq. (10.207), the total energy expenditure becomes... 

A small organism has a heat loss of -< = 1.65 W and performs external work W = 0.025 Nm/s. Calculate that part of the total energy expenditure that originates from its internal circulation, which involves the pumping of 122mL/min of fluid against a pressure drop of 3.4 kPa with a net chemo-mechanical efficiency of 12%. 

The use of direct calorimetry is not a convenient technique, since it requires a specially constructed room and the confinement of human subjects for a day or longer in the room. The doubly labeled water technique offers a convenient alternative, providing that one has a machine to perform isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The doubly labeled water technique is used to measure the rate of total CO2 production in the body. This number alone is not sufficient to allow one to calculate the total energy expenditure. But the value for COj production (moles COi/day), along with the RQ, allows one to calculate the oxygen consumption using the following formula ... 

Our total energy expenditure is equivalent to our oxygen consumption (Fig. 19.14). The resting metabolic rate (energy expenditure of a person at rest, at 25°C, after an overnight fast) accounts for approximately 60 to 70% of our total energy expenditure and O2 consumption, and physical exercise accounts for the... 

AG° = 593 kJ/mol. How many times must the athlete lift the 50 kg mass to provide sufficient Gibbs energy to produce one soft drink can ( 21 g). Note This is the energy for the electrolysis. It is estimated that the total energy expenditure required to produce aluminum from the ore is about three times this amount. 

To get the total energy expenditure, we must account for the stoichiometry of transport by summing the energy required for the transport of Na+ and that required for the transport of K+. 

The photocatalytic oxidation of two molecules of water to dioxygen cannot be a singlequantum process since the total energy expenditure of a catalytic cycle cannot be less than 476 kJ mol. However, there is no fundamental reason why one quantum should not induce the transfer of several electrons. For instance, a two-quantum process would require light with a wavelength of less then 504 nm while a four-quantum process... 

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF FREE-LIVING HUMANS CAN BE ESTIMATED WITH THE DOUBLY LABELED WATER METHOD... 

The purpose of this article is to describe the theory of the H2 0 method, its assumptions, the analytical procedures and equations used in its calculation, and its validity compared to the energy balance method and indirect calorimetry when measuring the total energy expenditure (TEE) of humans. 

Although osmo-conformation allows the clam to survive in highly saline environments, the processes of protein synthesis and repair are energy-intensive, and are estimated to cost 20%-25% of total energy expenditure under nonstressful conditions. The energy used to accumulate amino acids in response to environmental elevated salinities is not available for other survival and reproductive purposes, and probably makes the clam susceptible to succumb to other stresses. 

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