Estimated Safe and Adequate

Estimated safe and adequate daily intake from Ref. 3. 

Table 8. Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake ...

Biotin is widespread in foods, although its availability is affected somewhat by the presence of binding proteins. Biotin is required in only small amounts. Although US RDA values have not been established, the estimated safe and adequate intake of biotin is 30-100 g day -1 for adults. The Department of Health (1991) suggested that biotin intakes between 10 and 200 iig day-1 are safe and adequate. Biotin is reported to be non-toxic in amounts up to at least 10 mg day-1. 

Sodium, potassium, and chloride are electrolytes found in cow s milk for which the Food and Nutrition Board has estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes for infants, children and adolescents, and adults (NAS 1980A). Sodium functions in the body to maintain blood volume and cellular osmotic pressure and to transmit nerve impulses (NAS 1980A). The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of sodium is 1100-3300 mg (2.8-8.4 g sodium chloride) for healthy adults (NAS 1980A). The American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs (1979), suggested 4800 mg sodium per day as a tentative definition of moderation in sodium intake. 

No MRLs were derived for oral exposure to chromium(VI) or chromium(III). The available data on reproductive and developmental effects are insufficient or too contradictory to establish acute-, intermediate-, or chronic-duration oral NOAELs or LOAELs which are both used in the uncertainty factor approach to derive MRL values. However, the upper range of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) of 200 pg chromium/day (0.003 mg/kg/day for a 70 kg individual) (NRC 1989) has been adopted as provisional guidance for oral exposure to chromium(VI) and chromium(in). This guidance is necessary because of the prevalence of chromium at hazardous waste sites, the fairly complete database, and the fact that chromium is an essential nutrient. 

Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient required for maintaining normal glucose metabolism. The NRC established estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (ESADDIs) of 10-80 pg/day for children aged 1-3 years 30-120 pg/day for children aged 4-6 years, and 50-200 pg/day for children aged 7 years or older (NRC 1989). These recommendations were derived by extrapolating the adult ESADDI value of 50-200 pg/day on the basis of expected food intake. 

In contrast, the estimated safe and adequate daily allowances for adolesents is 2.5-5.0 mg/day. In the only study of metabolic balance of manganese in adolesents (31), 13 of the 14 subjects were in negative balance while consuming diets containing 3.0 mg/day. Thus, the lower range of this recommendation for adolescents appears to be too low. However, the lack of other studies makes it difficult to provide a new recommendation. 

Children would be exposed to manganese in the same manner as adults. The main source of exposure of children to manganese is through food. Infants and young toddlers may be exposed to concentrations higher than the estimated safe and adequate dose for their age group because of the increased levels of the element in infant formulas as compared to breast milk (Collipp et al. 1983 Cook 1997 Dorner et al. 1989 Keen et al. 1986 Lonnerdal et al. 1983, 1994). Manganese concentrations in blood serum of children of different... 

The upper range of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of 5 mg/day (NRC 1989) has been adopted as a provisional guidance value (0.07 mg/kg/day) for oral exposure to manganese. This guidance is necessary because, although manganese is an essential nutrient, its prevalence at hazardous waste sites puts some individuals at risk for exposure to toxic levels. 

Freeland-Graves J. 1994. Derivation of manganese estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes. In Mertz W, Abernathy CO, Olin SS, eds. Risk Assessment of essential elements. Washington, DC International Life Sciences Institute Press. 

The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) for adults is 1.5-3.0 mg. Meats, cocoa, nuts, legumes, and whole grains provide significant amounts of copper. The accompanying table shows the amoimt of copper in some common foods. 

It has been estimated that the average American ingests 7.5-10 g of salt (NaCl) each day. Because NaCl is about 40% (by mass) sodium ions, this amounts to 3-4 g of sodium daily. Until 1989 the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council s defined estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDl) of sodium ion was 1.1-3.3 g. Clearly, Americans exceed this recommendation. 

In some cases the RDA of a mineral or a vitamin cannot be determined owing to insufficient information. In those cases the Food and Nutrition Board expresses the suggested daily dose as the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI). 

The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) for vitamin K is 70-140 (jLg/day. This is easily obtained in the diet by eating leafy vegetables. In addition, vitamin K is manufactured by our normal intestinal bacteria. It is extremely rare for adults to suffer from vitamin K deficiency, but it is observed in some individuals on antibiotic therapy or with fat absorption problems. However, newborns frequently suffer from vitamin K deficiency because they lack intestinal bacteria. They are often administered injections of vitamin K to prevent excessive bleeding in the early days of their lives. 

The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) for biotin is 0.30 mg, and in a normal diet, biotin deficiency is almost imknown. However, when it does occur, the symptoms include dermatitis (scaling and hardening of the skin), loss of appetite and nausea, muscle pain, and elevated levels of blood cholesterol. 

The Food and Nutrition Board has removed the three electrolytes from its table of estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake because sufficient information is not available to establish a recommended amount. The major dietary source of sodium and chloride is table salt (40% sodium and 60% chloride). Physicians still recommend that the intake of sodium be restricted to 1-2 g daily. The recommended intake of chloride is approximately 1.7-5.1 g daily. However, getting enough sodium and chloride is not a problem. In fact, sodium intake in the United States is about 5-7 g/day, far in excess of the 1-2 g/day required by a normal adult. 

O Flaherty EJ (1994) Comparison of rference dose with estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for chromium. In Mertz W and Abernathy CO, eds. Risk Assessment of Essential Elements, pp. 213—218. ILSl Press, Washington, DC. 

Tab. 7.5 Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (DDI) of 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) of 1989 1996 WHO Se Basal Intakes and Se Normative Intakes and the 2000 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for selenium ([ig per day). (Adapted from Levander 2001.)...

The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) for biotin is... 

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