Escherichia coli labile enterotoxin

Takahashi I, Marinaro M, Kiyono H et al. Mechanisms for mucosal immunogenicity and adjuvancy of Escherichia coli labile enterotoxin. J Infect Dis 1996 173(3) 627-635. 

Spangler B.D., Wilkinson E.A., Murphyb J.T., Tyler B.J., Comparison of the Spreeta surface plasmon resonance sensor and a quartz crystal microbalance for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins, Analytica Chimica Acta 2001 444 149-161. 

Navarro-Garcia F, Eslava C, Villaseca JM, Lo-pez-Revilla R, Czeczulin JR, Srinivas S, Nataro JP, Cravioto A In vitro effects of a high-molecular-weight heat-labile enterotoxin from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1998,66 3149-3154. 

Chikwamba R, Cunnick J, Hathaway D, McMurray J, Mason H, Wang K. (2002) A functional antigen in a practical crop LT-B producing maize protects mice against Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT). Transgenic Res 11 479 93. 

The most potent mucosal adjuvants have been shown to be the toxins derived from Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli, which should not be surprising since these organisms invade the body through the GI tract. Obviously too toxic for human use because they are the source of cholera or diarrhoea, heat labile enterotoxins have been tested in mice and shown to be potent adjuvants for orally or nasally administered influenza vaccine. The potency of heat-labile enterotoxin mutants may also be enhanced by formulation into bioadhesive particulate delivery systems, and this is an area under current exploration. 

Ryan, E.T. Crean, T.I. John, M. Butterton, J.R. Clements, J.D. Calderwood, S.B. Vivo expression and immunoadjuvancy of a mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli in vaccine and vector strains of vibrio cholerae. Infect. Immun. 1999, 67, 1694—1701. 

Merritt EA, Sarfaty S, Pizza M, et al. (1995) Mutation of a buried residue causes loss of activity, but no conformational change in the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. In Struct. Biol. 2 269-272. 

Moss J, Garrison S, Oppenheimer NJ, et al. (1979b) NAD-dependent ADP-ribosylation of arginine and proteins by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. In J. Biol. Chem. 254 6270-6272. 

Sixmo TK, Kalk KH, van Zanten BAM, et al. (1993) Refined structure of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin. In J. Mo/. Biol. 230 890-918. 

Spangler BD (1992) Structure and function of cholera toxin and the related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. In Microbiol. Rev. 56 622-647. 

Cholera Toxin and Escherichia coli Heat-labile Enterotoxin Biochemical Methods for Assessing Enzymatic Activities... 

Clements JD, Finkelstein RA (1979) Isolation and characterization of homogeneous heat-labile enterotoxins with high specific activity from Escherichia coli cultures. In Infect. Immun. 24 760- 769. 

Kunkel SL, Robertson DC (1979) Purification and chemical characterization of the heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. In Infect. Immun. 25 586-596. 

Rappoport RS, Sagin J F, Pierzchala WA, et al. (1976) Activation of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin by trypsin. In J. Infect. Dis. 133 S41-S54. 

Uesaka Y, Otsuka Y, Lin Z, et al. (1994) Simple method of purification of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin using immobilized galactose. In Microb. Pathogen. 16 71 -76. 

Kang, T.-J. Han, S.-C. Jang, M.-O. Kang, K.-H. Jang, Y.-S. Yang, M.-S. Enhanced expression of the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin in tobacco by optimization of the coding. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2004,117(3), 175-187. 

Walmsley AM, Alvarez ML, )in Y, et al. Expression of the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as a fusion protein in transgenic tomato. Plant Cell Rep., 2003 ... 

Mason HS, Haq TA, Qements JD, et al. Edible vaccine protects mice against Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (IT) potatoes expressing a synthetic IT-B gene. Vaccine,... 

Gastroenteritis — Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), where entero signifies intestinal. 

Holmgren J, Fredman P, Lindblad M et al. Rabbit intestinal glycoprotein receptor for Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin lacking affinity for cholera toxin. Infect Immun 1982 38 2) 424-433. 

Fukuta S, Magnani JL, Twiddy EM et al. Comparison of the carbohydrate-binding specificities of cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins LTh-I, LT-IIa and LT-IIb. Infect Immun 1988 56 7) 1748-1753. 

Orlandi PA, Critchley DR, Fishman PH. The heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli binds to polylactosaminoglycan-containing receptors in CaCo-2 human intestinal epithelial cells. Biochemistry 1994 33 43) 12886-12895. 

Clements JD, Hartzog NM, Lyon FL. Adjuvant activity of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and effect on the induction of oral tolerance in mice to unrelated protein antigens. Vaccine 1988 6(3) 269-277. 

Martin M, Sharpe A, Clements JD et aL Role of B7 costimulatory molecules in the adjuvant activity of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli. J Immunol 2002 169(4) 1744-1752. 

Petrovska L, Lopes L, Simmons CP et al. Modulation of dendritic cell endocytosis and antigen processing pathways by Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and mutant derivatives. Vaccine 2003 21(13-14) 1445-1454. 

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