Erythrocytes carbohydrate metabolism

H2. Heller, P., Weinstein, H. G., West, M., and Zimmerman, H. J., Enzymes in anemia A study of abnormalities of several enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the plasma and erythrocytes in patients with anemia, with preliminary observations of bone marrow enzymes. Ann. Internal Med. 53, 898-913 (1900). 

The effects of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism are discussed on p. 158. In simplified terms, they can be described as stimulation of glucose utilization and inhibition of gluconeogenesis. In addition, the transport of glucose from the blood into most tissues is also insulin-dependent (exceptions to this include the liver, CNS, and erythrocytes). 

Information regarding liver effects in animals after dermal exposure to chromium or its compounds is limited. A single application of 0.5% potassium dichromate (0.175% chromium(VI)) to the shaved skin of rats resulted in increased levels of serotonin in the liver, decreased activities of acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase in the plasma and erythrocytes, increased levels of acetylcholine in the blood, and increased glycoprotein hexose in the serum. These effects may indicate alterations in carbohydrate metabolism (Merkur eva et al. 1982). 

Lactic acid, present in blood entirely as lactate ion (pK = 3.86), is an intermediate of carbohydrate metabolism and is derived mainly from muscle cells and erythrocytes (see Chapter 25). It represents the end product of anaerobic metabolism and is normally metabolized by the liver. The blood lactate concentration is, therefore, affected by the rate of production and the rate of metabolism, both of which are dependent on adequate tissue perfusion. An increase in the concentration of lactate to >2 mmol/L and the associated increased is considered lactic acidosis. 

In the erythrocyte, glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the metabolism of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (Chapter 28) are the predominant pathways of carbohydrate metabolism. Glycolysis supplies ATP for membrane ion pumps and NADH for reoxidation of methemoglobin. The pentose phosphate pathway supplies NADPH to... 

Ali, S. N. and Fletcher, K. A. (1985) Carbohydrate metabolism of malarial parasites 1. Metabolism of lactate in P. knowlesi-infected monkey erythrocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. SOB 725-729. 

A plasma factor in schizophrenics, isolated by Frohman some years ago, was reported to raise the lactate-pyruvate ratio in a medium of incubating chicken erythrocytes. Re-evaluation of this fraction indicated that its action on carbohydrate metabolism probably reflects certain environmental influences rather than factors directly concerned with schizophreniai Other investigators could not alter the glucose metabolism of human leukocytes incubated with schizophrenic serum. 

The data obtained have shown that l-(chloromethyl)silatrane produces a favourable effect on the physiological processes in the organism of fowl. It increases the viability, stimulates the function of haemopoiesis thus raising the number of erythrocytes and the amount of haemoglobin. Administration of 1-(chloromethyl)silatrane stimulates metabolic reactions in the organism thus increasing the metabolism of protein, lipids, carbohydrates and phosphorus-calcium. 

P. falciparum Pyruvate Kinase (PfPyrK). Glycolysis is the major energy utilization pathway for Plasmodium parasites and PfPyrK is one enzyme that contributes to this process and the breakdown of carbohydrates during intraerythrocytic development (79). Glycolytic processes have been shown to increase 50-fold in infected erythrocytes compared with uninfected erythrocytes, and this enzyme may be a crucial component of metabolic pathways for... 

Hepatic porphyrias show the following characteristics (1.) intermittent course, (2.) increased ALA synthase activity, and (3.) acute attacks induced or manifesting during the latency period due to numerous causes such as alcohol (281), hunger, carbohydrate deficiency, hormones, stress, intoxication, metabolic products and medicaments, (s. tab. 31.13) The diagnosis is based upon the clinical symptomatology and the excretion pattern of the porphyrins or their precursors in the urine and faeces as well as their concentrations in the erythrocytes and plasma, (s. tab. 31.14)... 

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