Erythema degree

Clinically, rosacea presents with different degrees of severity, ranging from facial erythema to evident inflammatory lesions. Symptoms of rosacea include skin dryness and sensitivity, stinging and burning [1]. 

Pain at the injection site is one of the most commonly reported adverse effects of vaccination. The reaction is usually mild with complaints of pain and tenderness at the injection site that may or may not be accompanied by erythema. Local reactions tend to be more frequent with repeated doses or booster doses of vaccine. The frequency and degree of the reactions appear to be related to the amount of preformed antibodies and rapid immunologic responses reflective of priming from previous doses. More serious Arthus reactions are infrequently reported. Arthus reactions are classified as type III hypersensitivity reactions, and are characterized by a massive local response involving the entire thigh or deltoid. Arthus reactions are also related to preformed antibody complexes that induce an inflammatory lesion.14... 

The psoriasis area and severity index is a uniform method to determine the extent of body surface area affected, along with the degree of erythema, induration, and scaling. Severity scores are rated as <12 (mild), 12 to 18 (moderate), and >18 (severe). 

Dermal (skin) contact with sulfur mustard agents causes erythema and lesions (blistering), while contact with vapor may result in first and second degree burns contact with liquid typically produces second and third degree chemical burns. Any burn area covering 25 percent or more of the body surface area may be fatal. Respiratory contact is a dose-related factor in the sense that inflammatory reactions in the upper and lower airway begin to develop several hours after exposure and progress over several days. 

Of 20 workers exposed to PCE, 13 had acute skin changes, including second-degree burns, vesicular rash, papules, and edema. In another study of 15 workers with PCE-induced dermatitis, there was erythema with papules and vesicles. Of these 15 workers, 8 reacted positively to patch tests. In addition to skin sensitization PGE can also cause crosssensitization with other glycidyl ethers. 

Irritation Tretinoin may induce severe local erythema, pruritus, burning, stinging, and peeling at the application site. If the degree of local irritation warrants, use medication less frequently or discontinue use temporarily or completely. Tretinoin may cause severe irritation to eczematous skin use with caution in patients with this condition. 

Welgaod and Mershon22 tested 39 subjects for skin reactions to CR, using 1-cm2 patches soaked with CR-propylene glycol solutions. Each patch was wetted with 0.1 ml of 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0X CR, Ezposure times were 5 and 30 min, and tests were made at 18.3 and 25.6°C. The concentration of CR did not affect the time of onset of sensation higher temperature decreased onset times. Subjects differed widely, both In time of onset and termination of Irritation and In reported Intensity of sensation. Intensity was not related to concentration of CR, ezposure time, or temperature. The degree of erythema was variable, but It disappeared In 2-4 h. All CR concentrations were judged to be relatively harmless. 

The method used in the present work to obtain action spectra of wood pulps is analogous to that developed to construct the erythema action spectrum for human skin [7]. In order to evaluate the action spectra for the photochemical discoloration of the pulps, the spectral irradiance at the sample position must be measured and the response of the exposure, e.g. in terms of the reflectance at 457 nm, has to be analyzed. Thus, an action spectrum takes into account both the exposure dose and the character of the chromqphores that are photoactive in the pulp. The action spectrum for the yellowing is then obtained by plotting the reciprocal of the exposure dose necessary to produce a certain predetermined degree of yellowness versus wavelength. 

Uttley and Van Abbey (1973) mouse ear test - undiluted shampoos were applied to one ear daily for 4 days. The degree of inflammation was quantified visually as vessel dilation, erythema and edema. A reference material was tested on another group of mice and the two were compared. The use of anesthetic may be a confounding factor in this assay as it may alter inflammation development. 

The results are evaluated in comparison to controls with regard to induction of erythema and skin oedema. A similar scoring system is used as in the case of dermal irritation. The signs of local dermal inflammation determine the degree of the allergenic potential (Draize 1944 OECD 1981 Klecak 1983). 

There are several types of irritancy testing protocols that are used to comply with federal and international safety regulations. The classic Draize test was developed in 1944 to measure acute primary irritation. The test compound is applied in an occluded fashion to a clipped area of abraded and intact skin of at least six albino rabbits and evaluated 24 hr and 72 hr after patch removal. The degree of erythema and edema, ranging from one to four, is recorded to reflect severity of the irritation. Because these tests are occluded, irritancy is potentiated due to hydration, which reduces the skin barrier. The Draize test may be modified to assess sensitization by preexposing animals to a sensitizing dose of the study chemical and then rechallenging the animals at a later date to illicit the immune-mediated response. 

Dermal Effects. In humans, benzene is a skin irritant. By defatting the keratin layer, it may cause erythema, vesiculation, and dry and scaly dermatitis (Sandmeyer 1981). Acute fatal exposure to benzene vapors caused second degree bums on the face, trunk, and limbs of the victims (Avis and Hutton 1993). Fifteen male workers were exposed to benzene vapors (>60 ppm) over several days... 

Dermal contact with lacrimators is very painful (Pinkus, 1978). Erythema and blisters are common. The extent of dermal effects depends on the thickness of the stratum comeum, and the extent of exposure (Blain, 2003). High concentrations can cause first and second degree bums of the skin (Hu et al., 1989 Stein and Kirwan, 1964). No teratogenicity or carcinogenicity has been demonstrated in humans or animals (Blain, 2003 Folb and Talmud, 1989 Himsworth et al., 1971 Upshall, 1973). 

Severe and prolonged erythema or severe dermatitis may occur several hours after exposure followed by vesiculation. These are generally second-degree burns and should be treated as such. 

Testing is performed to evaluate the potential occurrence of two different, yet related, endpoints, irritation and sensitization. The broadest application of these is evaluation of the potential to cause skin irritation, characterized by erythema (redness) and edema (swelling). Severity of irritation is measured in terms of both the degree of these two parameters and how long they persist. Primary irritation, cutaneous sensitization, phototoxicity, and photosensitization are possible types of dermal irritation resulting from dermal application. There are three types of irritation tests, each designed to address a different concern ... 

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