Er:YAG laser

Kye YC (1997) Resurfacing of pitted facial scars with a pulsed Er YAG laser. Dermatol Surg 23 880-883... 

Manusciatti W, Fitzpatrick RE, Goldman MP (2000) Treatment of facial skin using combinations of CO Q-switched alexandrite, flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye, and Er YAG lasers in the same treatment session. Dermatol Surg 26 114-120 Jordan R, Cummins C, Burls A (2000) Laser resurfacing of the skin for the improvement of facial acne scarring a systematic review of the evidence. Br J Dermatol 142 413-423... 

Useful with shallow boxcar and rolling scars. CO2 and/or Er YAG lasers are utilized for this technique. After the treatment, silicone sheeting, gauze and tube netting are placed over the treated area and maintained for 24 h (the silicone sheeting remains for another 48 h). The patient is instructed to soak the treated area every 2-4 h with cold water for 20 min and then apply an occlusive ointment. Re-epithelialization is completed in 10 days. A new treatment can be performed after 6-8 weeks. 

A. Andreotti, M.P. Colombini, G. Lantema, M. Rizzi, A Novel Approach for High Selective Micro Sampling of Organic Painting Materials by Er YAG Laser Ablation, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4, 355 361 (2003). 

A. Andreotti, M. P. Colombini, S. Conti, A. deCruz, G. Lantema, L. Nussio, K. Nakahara, F. Penaglia, Preliminary Results of the Er YAG Laser Cleaning of Textiles, Paper and Parchment, leasers in the Conservation of Artworks, 116, 213 220 (2007). 

Both LDI and MALDI make use of the absorption of laser light by a solid sample layer. The energy uptake upon laser irradiation then causes evaporation and ionization of the sample. Wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) have been employed, e.g., nitrogen lasers (337 nm), excimer lasers (193, 248, 308 and 351 nm), Q-switched, frequency-tripled and quadrupled Nd Yag lasers (355 and 266 nm, respectively), [24] Er Yag lasers (2.94 pm) [24,25] and TEA-CO2 lasers (10.6 pm). [16,26]... 

Feldhaus, D., Menzel, C., Berkenkamp, S., Hillenkamp, F., and Dreisewerd, K. (2000). Influence of the laser fluence in inflated matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with a 2.94 microm Er YAG laser and a flat-top beam profile. J. Mass Spectrom. 35 1320-1328. 

The Er YAG laser, emitting at 2.94 p,m near the major water absorption peak (OH stretch), is currently being investigated for ablation of tooth enamel and dentin (Li et al., 1992). 

Hibst R., Bende T., and Schroder D. 1992. Wet corneal ablation by Er YAG laser radiation. Lasers Surg. Med. (Suppl.) 4 56. 

Hill R.A., Le M.T., Yashiro H. et al. 1993. Ab-interno erbium (Er YAG) laser sclerostomy with iridotomy in Dutch cross rabbits. Lasers Surg. Med. 13 559. 

Li Z.Z., Code J.E., and Van de Merve W.P. 1992. Er YAG laser ablation of enamel and dentin of human teeth Determination of ablation rates at various fluences and pulse repetition rates. Lasers Surg. Med. 12 625. 

Similarly, resonant pumping of 4 and 6 at.% Tm YAG ceramic with a 1617 nm Er YAG laser could produce 2015 nm CW laser emission [200]. With an OC of... 

Ter-Gabrielyan N, Merkle LD, Kupp ER, Messing GL, Dubinskii M (2010) Efficient resonantiy pumped tape cast composite ceramic Er YAG laser at 1645 nm. Opt Lett 35 922-924... 

Shen DY, Chen H, Qin XP, Zhang J, Tang DY, Yang XF et al (2011) Polycrystalline ceramic Er YAG laser in-band pumped. Appl Phys Express 4 052701... 

Kupp ER, Messing GL, Anderson JM, Gopalan V, Dumm JQ, Kraisinger C et al (2010) Cocasting and optical characteristics of transparent segmented composite Er YAG laser ceramics. J Mater Res 25 476 83... 

Because the irradiating laser beam is pulsed, MALDI is optimally combined with a TOP mass analyzer. The unlimited mass range of TOP and its ability to acquire the entire spectrum from a single laser pulse event are other factors in favor of the MALDI/TOF-MS combination. MALDI-TOF has become a well-known acronym for many researchers. Quadrupole, ion trap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) instruments have also been modified to accommodate MALDI. A schematic diagram of MALDI/TOF-MS is presented in Figure 2.10. A variety of laser systems has found applications in MALDI analysis, and the most common ones use LTV lasers such as the N2 laser (337 nm), the frequency-tripled (355 nm) and frequency-quadrupled (266 nm) Nd YAG laser, and the ArF excimer laser (193 nm). IR lasers have also been used to produce the MALDI effect. The transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser (10.6 p,m), the Q-switched Er YAG laser (2.94 (im), and the CriLiSAF or Nd YAG pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) laser (3.28 p,m) are the common IR lasers. UV and IR lasers yield similar spectra for proteins, although better resolution has been obtained for some proteins with an IR laser. 

Tanzi EL, Alster TS (2003) Single-pass carbon dioxide versus multiple-pass Er YAG laser skin resurfacing a comparison of postoperative wound healing and side-effect rates. Dermatol Surg 29(l) 80-84... 

Eor IR-MALDI, the situation can be very different because of the larger penetration depth, resulting in a larger acoustic time constant of about 1 ns. Eor the desorption with an Er YAG laser, the pulse width of 100 ns is long compared to... 

Apitz, 1., Vogel, A. (2005) Material ejection in nanosecond Er YAG laser ablation of water, Hver, and skin. ApplPhysMater Sci Process, 81, 329-338. 

As for other lasers that are used now for medical applications, the GaAs type laser radiation or the Ho YAG laser radiation can also be sent through silica glass fibers. The transmission of the excimer laser radiation is more difficult, first because of the short wavelength and second because of the need to transmit very short pulses of high peak power. Specially manufactured quartz fibers are normally used. For the transmission of Er YAG laser radiation, one can use fibers made of sapphire. 

Finally, Figure 11.21 shows the IR-MALDl time-of-flight mass spectrum of oligomadylic acids generated by limited hydrolysis of poly-U, using an Er YAG laser and succininc acid as the matrix. ... 

Although lasers of both ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) wavelengths are in use, UV lasers are by far the most important light sources in analytical LDI-MS and MALDI-MS. Among these, nitrogen lasers and frequency-tripled or quadrupled Nd Yag lasers serve for the majority of applications [27]. IR-MALDI is dominated by Er Yag lasers [27,28] while TEA-CO2 lasers (cf. IRMPD in Chap. 9.12) are rarely used (Table 11.1) [17,29]. 

Ultra low-loss applications of fluoride glass fibers has not been realized because of problems associated with microcrystallization, crucible contamination and bubble formation during fiber fabrication. Nevertheless, fibers with losses greater then than lOdB/km are routinely obtained and can be used for chemical sensor applications, as well as high power UV, visible and IR laser transmission. Fluoride glasses are used in some lasers used for dentistry for the replacement of the mechanical drill. This is due to the fact that they deliver very well the Er-YAG laser wavelength (2.94 pm). 

I. Gannot, S. Schmner, J. Dror, A. Inberg, T. Ertl, J. Tschepe, G. J. Muller, N. Croitom, Flexible Waveguides For Er YAG Laser Radiation Delivery , IEEE Transaction On Biomedical Engineering, v. 42, p.967. 1995. 

M Yaegashi, Y Matsuura, M Miyagi. Hollow-tapered launching coupler for Er YAG lasers. [Review of Laser Engineering, vol.28, no.8, pp.516-19, 2000. 

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