Epiphytes

Endophytic bacteria can colonize plant tissues without bringing about adverse effects on the plant, in contrast to epiphytes that remain in the external environment. Bacteria with the established potential for degradation have been used to improve the tolerance and degradation of contaminants ... 

S. E. Lindow, Methods of preventing frost injury caused by epiphytic ice-nucle-ation-active bacteria. Plant Disease March ill (1983). 

Acriopsis javanica Reinw. is an epiphyte orchid that grows in Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The pseudobulbs are 5 X 1.5 cm and develop thick roots. Each pseudobulb produces three leaves, which are linear and 25 cm X 9 mm. The influorescences are 60 long and branched panicles. The flowers are 7 mm long and pale purple (Fig. 56). 

Bulbophyllum vaginatum Reich, f. is an epiphytic orchid that grows in Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The stems are 3 mm in diameter. The petiole is 2 X 6 mm, swollen, and deeply channeled. The blade is elliptic, thick, spongy, and 8x3 cm. The flowers are arranged in clusters of 12-15 pale yellow, 5-cm-long flowers with elongated corollas (Fig. 57). 

Fig. 56. Acriopsis javanica. From Flora of Malaya. Geographical localization S. Salat on Endau river, Johore. Rocky upper reaches, epiphyte. 

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw., or pigeon orchid, is an epiphyte orchid that grows in India, China, the Philippines, and Malaysia. The stem is 4 mm in diameter and the bulbs are 2-3 cm around. The leaves are 7 X 1.3 cm, linear, and fleshy. The petiole is 4Xl mm. The flowers are white (Fig. 60). 

That the oxidative burst is directly involved in the chemical defense of these algae is clear. This reaction can be inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, a suicide inhibitor of NADPH-oxidase which suppresses both the production of reactive oxygen species and the natural resistance to epiphytic bacteria. In addition a role in the defense against endophytes was indicated, since pre-treatment with oligomeric guluronates resulted in decreased infection of L. digitata with the pathogen Laminariocolax tomentosoides [141]. 

Sublethal (actual exposure concentration and duration unknown) Growth stimulation (from reduced competition by aufwuchs, bacteria, and epiphytic algae) 5... 

On the other hand, association with more palatable seaweeds may have a negative impact on the chemically defended partner. For example, Halimeda specimens from Conch Reef, Florida Keys, with more than 50% of their thalli covered by Dictyota grow significantly slower than unepiphytized thalli (Beach et al. 2003). This study also verified that epiphytic Dictyota negatively affects metabolic rates of Halimeda tuna in part by shading their thalli, but probably also by chemical means, because the exposure to Dictyota-conditioned water elevated respiration rates in a manner similar to when H. tuna is naturally epiphytized by Dictyota. 

Lee CE (2002) Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends Ecol Evol 17 386-391 Leonardi PI, Miravalles AB, Faugeron S, Flores V, Beltran J, Correa JA (2006) Diversity, phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism in farmed Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) in northern Chile. Eur J Phycol 41 247-257... 

Boyd KG, Adams DR, Burgess JG (1999) Antibacterial and repellent activities of marine bacteria associated with algal surfaces. Biofouling 14 227-236 Cebrian J, Enriquez S, Fortes M, AgawinN, Vermaat JE, Duarte CM (1999) Epiphyte accrual on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves implications for light absorption. Bot Mar 42 123-128... 

Durante KM, Chia FS (1991) Epiphytism on Agarum fimbriatum - Can herbivore preferences explain distributions of epiphytic bryozoans. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77 279-287 Dworjanyn SA, Wright JT, Paul NA, de Nys R, Steinberg PD (2006) Cost of chemical defence in the red alga Delisea pulchra. Oikos 113 13-22... 

Pavia H, Carr H, Aberg P (1999) Habitat and feeding preferences of crustacean mesoherbivores inhabiting the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. and its epiphytic macroalgae. 

Russell BD, Elsdon TS, Gillanders BM, Connell SD (2005) Nutrients increase epiphyte loads broad-scale observations and an experimental assessment. Mar Biol 147 551-558 Schmitt TM, Hay ME, Lindquist N (1995) Constraints on chemically mediated coevolution multiple functions for seaweed secondary metabolites. Ecology 76 107-123 Schmitz K, Lobban CS (1976) Survey of translocation in Laminariales (Phaeophyceae). Mar Biol 36 207-216... 

Weinberger F, Friedlander M (2000) Response of Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta) to oligoagars results in defense against agar-degrading epiphytes. J Phycol 36 1079-1086... 

D Antonio C (1985) Epiphytes on the rocky intertidal red alga Rhodomela larix (Turner) C Agardh negative effects on the host and food for herbivores. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol... 

Ruesink JL (1998) Diatom epiphytes on Odonthaliafloccosa the importance of extent and timing. J Phycol 34 29-38... 

Unknown Unidentified epiphytic bacterium of G. conferta Small peptide (700-1,500 Da) ... 

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