Epiphytic species

Queensland grasses produced Nigrocornus-infected tillers year after year, even when they were cut back to a short stubble over winter. Studies on infected plants of S. leiocladum and P. criniforme over several years have shown that hyphae of N. scleroticus are systemic and epiphytic. During winter, when both grasses are dormant, hyphae can be found surrounding the meristems in tiller buds on the subterranean tiller bases of tussocks. Hyphae of the epiphytic species... 

Clay K, Frentz IC. Balansia pilulaeformis, an epiphytic species. Mycologia 85 527-534, 1993. 

Biofllm development by benthic and epiphytic species (e.g., Gambierdiscus spp.). 

Knowledge about the number of plant species in the Antilles is incomplete. This is also true for the dry forests. An estimate for the number of native plant species in the Antillean Archipelago is 12,000 (Myers et al., 2000). Part of the problem of fully documenting the richness of Antillean dry forest plants is that most ecological studies record only plants above a certain size (dbh) and this causes many shrubs, herbs, vines and epiphyte species to be missed since they do not reach the minimum size required. However, the preponderance of herbs, lianas and shrub species in dry forests in comparison to those in moist and wet forests is well known (Gentry and Dodson, 1987). 

That the oxidative burst is directly involved in the chemical defense of these algae is clear. This reaction can be inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium, a suicide inhibitor of NADPH-oxidase which suppresses both the production of reactive oxygen species and the natural resistance to epiphytic bacteria. In addition a role in the defense against endophytes was indicated, since pre-treatment with oligomeric guluronates resulted in decreased infection of L. digitata with the pathogen Laminariocolax tomentosoides [141]. 

Lee CE (2002) Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends Ecol Evol 17 386-391 Leonardi PI, Miravalles AB, Faugeron S, Flores V, Beltran J, Correa JA (2006) Diversity, phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism in farmed Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) in northern Chile. Eur J Phycol 41 247-257... 

Except for sanguineum, the above named species represent cosmopolitan and frequently dominant epiphytic/benthic dinoflagel-lates in the Virgin Islands. Gymnodinium sanguineum is one of the few common planktonic species in the study area. All of these species are readily accessible to herbivorous fishes throughout the Virgin Island chain. 

Of the 250,000 species of known plants, about 170,000 grow in the tropical rain forest, more than half native to the Americas. Many of these, mostly broad-leaved evergreens, large ferns, lianas, and epiphytic orchids, have been transplanted to other tropical regions or have adapted to indoor culture. Tropical rain forests in the Indo-Pacific are dominated by resinous trees in the Dipterocarpaceae, which make a sheltering canopy. The African tropical rain forest is the poorest in species. 

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