Epigenetic carcinogenesis, mechanism

Chemically induced cell proliferation also may be a mechanism of epigenetic carcinogenesis. 

Weisburger, J.M. and Horn, C., 1982, Nutrition and cancer Mechanisms of genotoxic and epigenetic carcinogenesis in nutritional carcinogenesis. Bull. IN.Y. Acad. Med., 58 296-312. 

Carmichael PL, Mills JJ, Neven P (1998) An epigenetic mechanism for tamoxifen-associated uterine carcinogenesis Eur J Cancer 34(Suppl 4) S10-S11... 

Williams GM. 1981. Liver carcinogenesis The role for some chemicals of an epigenetic mechanisms of liver-tumor promotion involving modification of the cell membrane. Food Cosmet Toxicol 19(5) 577- 583. 

Trosko JE, Chang CC, and Upham B (2002) Modulation of gap junctional communication by epigenetic toxicants A shared mechanism in teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, at-herogenesis, immunomodulation, reproductive- and ne-uro-toxicities. In Wilson SH and Suk WA (eds.) Biomarkers of Environmentally Associated Diseases, pp. 445—454. Boca Raton, FL Lewis Publishers. 

Herceg Z, Lambert MP, van Veldhoven K, Demetriou C, Vineis P et al (2013) Towards incorporating epigenetic mechanisms into carcinogen identification and evaluation. Carcinogenesis 34(9) 1955-1967... 

Chemical carcinogenesis may involve several mechanisms (i) interaction with DNA (ii) activation of cellular oncogenes (iii) DNA repair (iv) epigenetic mechanisms (v) cell proliferation. 

Barrett, J. C. (1987) Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in carcinogenesis. In Mechanisms of Environmental Carcinogenesis Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Changes. Vol. I, pp. 1-15. J. C. Barrett, Ed. Boca Raton, CRC Press. 

In contrast to genotoxic carcinogens, epigenetic carcinogens act by a wide variety of mechanisms. Some of the possible epigenetic mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis include peroxisome proliferation, inhibition of intercellular communication, microtubule alteration, hormonal imbalance, cytotoxicity, immunomodulation, inhibition of DNA methylation, etc. 

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