Mechanisms carcinogenesis

Mirsalis JC, Steinmetz KL. 1990. The role of hyperplasia in liver carcinogenesis. In Mouse liver carcinogenesis mechanisms and species comparisons. Alan R. Liss, Inc., ed. 149-161. 

DNA adducts are excellent biomarkers in determining the extent of genetic damage. These markers are useful in understanding the carcinogenesis mechanism and the assessment of cancer risk imposed by several chemical agents. Considering the importance... 

Perera, Frederica, David P. Rail, and I. B. Weinstein. 1991. Carcinogenesis Mechanisms The Debate Continues. Science 252 (May 17) 903-4. 

D.E. Stevenson, J.A. Popp, J.M. Ward, R.M. McClain, T.J. Slaga, and H.C. Pitot, eds., Mouse liver carcinogenesis, Mechanisms and Species Comparisons, Wiley-Liss, New York, 1990. 

Miller, J. A., Miller, E. C. Chemical carcinogenesis Mechanisms and approaches to its control. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 47, V (1971). 

McClain, R.M. ( 990). Mouse liver tumours and microsomal enzyme inducing drugs. Experimental and Clinical perspectives with phenobarhital. In Mouse Liver Carcinogenesis. Mechanisms ond Species Comparison, pp, 345-365. 

While scientific advances are being made, political influences are also important. This can be seen in some cases such as the court-forced incorporation of the nonlinear method for EPA s assessment of chloroform instead of the linear extrapolation method. This brings to mind the importance of evaluation of carcinogenesis mechanisms by scientists rather then being settled in the courts. International decisions and deliberations are also affecting regulation of carcinogens (or at least the debate about them) in the United States. An example is the precautionary principle, which is often applied in the context of the impact of human actions on human health and the environment, in which the consequence of actions... 

Even when one considers that some chemicals are selected for testing because they are suspicious, the high proportion of positives is disturbing. From considerations of carcinogenesis mechanisms, it is plausible that a high proportion of all chemicals we test in the future, both natural and man made, will prove to be carcinogens (1 see section on Extrapolating Risks). 

Relatively minimal information is available on cancers associated with fibre exposure. Lechner etal. (1997) summarised these carcinogenesis mechanisms with primary emphasis on the alterations described in human mesotheliomas. Of the known changes, the most frequent are in the tumour-suppressor genes (Kratzke etal. 

Blumberg, P.M., G.R. Pettit, B.S. Warren, A. Szallasi, L.D. Schuman, N.A. Sharkey, H. Nakakuma, M.L. Dell Aquila, and D.J. de Vries The Protein Kinase C Pathway in Tumor Promotion. In Skin Carcinogenesis Mechanisms and Human Relevance, p. 201. Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1989. 

The mechanisms of formation of oxiranes by biological systems (which are relevant to carcinogenesis — see the penultimate paragraph) are the subject of continuing interest <81JA6744. 81JA7371). 

Experimental animal studies have played a key role in the understanding of the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. The duration of development of a cancer in humans may be several decades, and the development probably includes several steps. Furthermore, individual susceptibility is also important for the disease. Therefore, it has been extremely difficult to make the required observations in exposed individuals. 

Kane, A. B., Boffetta, P, Saracci, R., and Wilbourn, j. I). iFds.) (1996). Mechanisms of Eihre Carcinogenesis. lARC Scientific Publications No. 140. International, 3gency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. 

Pelin, K. (1994). Asbestos-related malignant mesothelioma Tumor cel characteristics and mechanisms m fibre carcinogenesis. Academic diss.. University of Helsinki. 

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