Epididymis

Neben-hoden, m. Anat.) epididymis, -kem, m. Biol.) paranucleus, -kette,/. side chain, subordinate chain, -klasse, f. subsidiary class, -kosten, f.pl. extra costs, extras, -leiter, m. Elec.) branch conductor, -leitung, /. bypass branch line, -linie, /. secondary line branch line, -luft, /. admixed air secondary air, supplementary air. -niere, /. suprarenal capsule. 

In addition, several other organs, like the heart, ovaty, amnion, chorion, decidua, testis, epididymis and prostate, have been reported to synthesize OT, suggesting a paracrine role for this hormone in these tissues. Ectopic AVP production by lung cancer cells or other neoplasms has been described in humans, leading to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. 

OTRs are mainly expressed in myoepithelial cells of the galactiferus channels and the myometrium. The OTRs in vascular endothelial cells, renal epithelial cells (macula densa, proximal tubule) and cardiomyocytes induce the production of NO (vasodilation), natriuresis and release of ANP, respectively. The endometrium, ovary, amnion, testis, epididymis, prostate and thymus also express the OTR supporting a paracrine role of this peptide. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, pancreatic islets cells, adipocytes, and several types of cancer cells also express OTRs. More over, expression of the OTR... 

OTR is also expressed in male reproductive tissues, like testis, epididymis and in the prostate. OT increases the resting tone of prostatic tissue from guinea pig, rat, dog and human. The activation of these receptors could lead to the contraction of the prostate and the resulting expulsion of prostatic secretions during ejaculation. 

Testes from the males examined 43 days after the 8-D treatment appeared normal. However, the epididymis was involved in an inflammatory process with sperm granulomas formation. The granulomatous epididymal lesion resembled the lesion seen in auto-immune reaction following bacterial infections or tissue response to foreign bodies (16, 17,... 

In male rats 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced hyperplastic changes and sperm granulomas in the epididymis, but no apparent lethal mutations were noted during post-meiotic phases of spermatogenesis. 

The effect of lactone ring-size on the inhibition was studied, for N-acetyl-)3-D-glucosaminidase from bovine epididymis, with lactones and lactone derivatives unable to undeigo ring-isomerization, by Pokomy and co-workers. From a comparison of Kj values for 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glu-cono-1,5-lactone (0.45 nM) with the 1,4-lactone (4.5 fiM) and of Kj for the methyl ) -furanoside with that for the pyranose (4 mM), it was concluded that the 1,4-lactone has an 10-fold lower inhibitory potency than the 1,5-lactone. The weak inhibition by the 5,6-O-isopropylidene derivative of the... 

Lower urinary tract infection (UTI) Includes infections of the bladder, urethra, and (in men) prostate and epididymis. 

Winer, M. A., Wadewitz, A. G., and Wolgemuth, D. J. (1993). Members of the raf gene family exhibit segment-specific patterns of expression in mouse epididymis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 35 16-23. 

Gerena, R. L., et al. (2000a). Stage and region-specific localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in the adult murine testis and epididymis. J. Androl 21, 848-54. 

Signs and Symptoms Fever, increased respiration and depression inflammation of testes and epididymis swelling of the last scrotum atrophic testicles edematous placenta and fetus infertility abortion in the last 3-4 months of pregnancy and lymph-filled cystic cavities (hygromas) on the knees, stifles, hock, and angle of the haunch. 

Reeves, P.G. 1990. Zinc deficiency and dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity. Comparative effects on epididymis and testis of rats. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 24 1-11. 

Androgenic deficiency in male rats given a single oral dose of 15 pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD/kg BW was evident as early as 2 days posttreatment, with persistence up to 12 days. These deficiencies may account for male reproductive pathology and dysfunction in rats treated with overtly toxic doses of TCDD. Findings included depression in plasma testosterone concentrations, as well as decreased weight of seminal vesicles (by 68%), ventral prostate gland (by 48%), testes, and epididymis (Moore et al. 1985). 

In contrast, no reproductive effects were observed in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 500 ppm -hexane 22 hours a day for 6 months (IRDC 1981). No treatment-related lesions were noted in any of the reproductive tissues examined (seminal vesicles, prostate, testis, epididymis). Similar results were reported in both sexes of weanling Fischer 344 rats exposed to up to 10,000 ppm -hexane 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for 13 weeks (Cavender et al. 1984). No treatment-related histopathologic lesions were present in any of the following reproductive tissues ovaries, uterus, oviducts, vagina, cervix, seminal vesicles, prostate, testis, or epididymis. 

Sperm counts can be performed with sperm from either the testis or the epididymis. Sperm motility is commonly being treated as a measure of sperm viability. The addition of sperm evaluation greatly increases the sensitivity of the study to detect effects on sperm maturation and the current study design will likely detect more male effects than previous designs even though the treatment period has been shortened. 

Other additional studies or pertinent information that lend support to this MRL This study showed reproductive effects at all dose levels. The effects noted at 1.4 and 4.5 mg/kg/day, significantly decreased weight of the left cauda epididymis and spermatozoa motility, were not considered by themselves to be adverse. However, at 12.5 mg/kg/day, a large number of reproductive effects were noted, which were considered to be adverse. 

Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques were used to detect HIV-1 infected cells in the testis (P5), excurrent ducts, and prostate. Distinct pathologic changes were observed in the majority of testis of AIDS patients that included azoospermia, hyalinization of the boundary wall of seminiferous tubules, and lymphocytic infiltration of the interstitium. In the testis, many white blood cells were shown to the CD4 + HIV-1 positive cells of lymphocy-tic/monocytic morphology, found in the seminiferous tubules and interstitium of the testis, epididymal epithelium, and connective tissue of the epididymis and prostate. There was no evidence of active HIV-1 infection in germ cells or Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules or other epithelial cells lining the excurrent ducts or prostatic glands. 

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