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Enzymes industrial biotransformations

For an industrial biotransformation, it is often necessary to further optimize an appropriate biocatalyst. This includes the elimination of the follow-up enzymes in the wild-type strain by mutations and the improvement of other characteristics by additional mutations and the selection of improved strains. Alternatively, the genetic information for a desired enzyme might be introduced in a host that has many of the preceding characteristics, and that has no enzymes that could modify or degrade the desired product. [Pg.287]

Figure 1.5 Enzyme Types Used in Industrial Biotransformations (based on 134 processes). (Reprinted from Straathof, A.J.J., Panke, S. and Schmid, A. The production of fine chemicals by biotransformations. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002,13, 548-556 with permission from Elsevier.)... Figure 1.5 Enzyme Types Used in Industrial Biotransformations (based on 134 processes). (Reprinted from Straathof, A.J.J., Panke, S. and Schmid, A. The production of fine chemicals by biotransformations. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002,13, 548-556 with permission from Elsevier.)...
This chapter gives a brief review of the isolation and production of enzymes. More detailed information can be obtained from various published textbooks and reviews11"51. Most of the industrial enzymes used for chemical synthesis are supplied in a crude form with an active enzyme content of only a few percent. The other constituents are inorganic salts, polysaccharides and diatomaceous earth used as stabilizers and excipients. Purified enzymes for biotransformation are supplied by some manufacturers in a crystal or immobilized form. These enzymes, though expensive, are easy to apply for biotransformation in organic media. The use of more purified enzymes is increasing. [Pg.42]

There are more than 400 companies dealing with enzymes all over the world and approximately 12 major producers with an increasingly distinct separation of product ranges. About 60 companies produce substantial amounts of a small range and about 400 companies produce a very limited range of industrial enzymes. Japanese enzyme producers have a special range for industrial or in-house use and contribute to 12-15% of world production. There are 24 companies which supply special enzymes for biotransformation (Table 2-1). [Pg.45]

For industrial biotransformations, catalyst recovery and reuse are major issues. This may be desirable either for reasons of downstream processing or for repeated use in order to reduce the specific catalyst costs per kg of product produced. A very simple method is the use of membrane filtration. Because of the increasing number of membranes from different materials (polymers, metal or ceramics) this is an attractive alternative. Whereas for whole cells microfiltration or centrifugation can be applied, for the recovery of soluble enzymes ultrafiltration membranes have to be used120-221. Often immobilization on a support is chosen to increase the catalyst s stability as well as to facilitate its recovery. The main advantages of immobilization are ... [Pg.1421]

Acrylamide is the first bulk chemical manufactured using an industrial biotransformation. Acrylamide which is produced 200000 t/a is an important industrial chemical that is mainly processed into water-soluble polymers and copolymers, which find applications as flocculants, paper-making aids, thickening agents, surface coatings, and additives for enhanced oil recovery. The chemical manufacture of acrylamide has been established for a long time, it is based on Cu-catalysis. The production of acrylamide using immobilized whole cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous is a remarkable example of a lyase-catalyzed commercial process. The enzyme responsible for water addition to the double bond of acrylonitrile is nitrile hydratase (Eq. 4-17) ... [Pg.93]

Vasic-Racki, Durda. History of Biotransformations Dreams and Realities. Industrial Biotransformations, edited by Andreas Liese, Karsten Seelbach, and Christian Wandrey. Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2000. This essay chronicles the history of using microorganisms and enzymes to synthesize commercially valuable products and... [Pg.183]

The natural activity of the many enzymes employed in industrial biotransformation is usually unknown consequently the precursors used in those processes are... [Pg.167]

Li X-H, Yang H-J, Roy B, Wang D, Yue W-F, Jiang L-J, Park EY, Miao Y-G (2009) The most stirring technology in future cellulase enzyme and biomass utilization. Afr J Biotechnol 8 2418-2422 Liese A, Seelbach K, Wandrey C (2006) Industrial biotransformations. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim... [Pg.238]

Though use of isolated purified enzymes is advantageous in that undesirable byproduct formation mediated by contaminating enzymes is avoided [37], in many industrial biotransformation processes for greater cost effectiveness the biocatalyst used is in the form of whole cells. For this reason baker s yeast, which is readily available, has attracted substantial attention from organic chemists as a catalyst for biotransformation processes. One of the first commercialized microbial biotransformation processes was baker s yeast-mediated production of (R)-phenylacetyl carbinol, where yeast pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes acyloin formation during metabolism of sugars or pyruvate in the presence of benzaldehyde [38]. [Pg.270]

The term biotransformation or biocatalysis is used for processes in which a starting material (precursor) is converted into the desired product in just one step. This can be done by use either of whole cells or of (partially) purified enzymes. Product examples range from bulk chemicals (such as acrylamide) to fine chemicals and chiral synthons (chiral amines or alcohols, for example). There are several books and reviews dealing with the use of bio transformations either at laboratory or at industrial scales [1, 10-13]. [Pg.337]

Enzymes such as lyases, transferases and isomerases (Table 2.1) account for most of the remainder of industrially applied biotransformations. [Pg.15]

The addition of HCN to aldehydes or ketones produces cyanohydrins (a-hydroxy nitriles). Cyanohydrins racemize under basic conditions through reversible loss of FiCN as illustrated in Figure 6.30. Enantiopure a-hydroxy acids can be obtained via the DKR of racemic cyanohydrins in the presence of an enantioselective nitriletransforming enzyme [86-88]. Many nitrile hydratases are metalloenzymes sensitive to cyanide and a nitrilase is usually used in this biotransformation. The DKR of mandelonitrile has been extended to an industrial process for the manufacture of (R)-mandelic acid [89]. [Pg.145]

The advantages of such biotransformation processes are (1) the relatively high yields which can be achieved with specific enzymes, (2) the formation of chiral compounds suitable for biopharmaceuticals, and (3) the relatively mild reaction conditions. Key issues in industrial-scale process development are achieving high product concentrations, yields and productivities by maintaining enzyme activity and stability under reaction conditions while reducing enzyme production costs. [Pg.24]

Some of the industrial biocatalysts are nitrile hydralase (Nitto Chemicals), which has a productivity of 50 g acrylamide per litre per hour penicillin G amidase (Smith Kline Beechem and others), which has a productivity of 1 - 2 tonnes 6-APA per kg of the immobilized enzyme glucose isomerase (Novo Nordisk, etc.), which has a productivity of 20 tonnes of high fmctose syrup per kg of immobilized enzyme (Cheetham, 1998). Wandrey et al. (2000) have given an account of industrial biocatalysis past, present, and future. It appears that more than 100 different biotransformations are carried out in industry. In the case of isolated enzymes the cost of enzyme is expected to drop due to an efficient production with genetically engineered microorganisms or higher cells. Rozzell (1999) has discussed myths and realities... [Pg.163]

Bioremediation of food industry wastewater Bioremediation is a general concept that includes all those processes and actions that take place as an attempt to biotransform an environment, already altered by contaminants, to its original status. Laccase is a well-known enzyme in bioremediation because of its ability to degrade phenolic compounds (Morozova and others 2007). As mentioned for peroxidase, aromatic compounds, including phenols and aromatic amines, constitute one of the major classes of pollutants and are heavily regulated in many countries. This ability of laccases has been applied in different areas of both the food and textile industries, such as breweries and olive oil factories. [Pg.119]

Maximo C, Amorim MTP, Costa-Ferreira M (2003) Biotransformation of industrial reactive azo dyes by Geotrichum sp. CCMI 1019. Enzyme Microb Technol 32 145-151... [Pg.191]


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