Enzymes equipment

Metabolization of foreign substances Sinusendothelial cells are also capable of endocytosis and, by virtue of their extensive enzyme equipment, in a perfect position to metabolize different kinds of foreign substances. They are endowed with a good stock of acid phosphatase, acid DNase, p-N-acetylglucosaminidase, P-glucu-ronidase, arylsulphatase (A, B), cholesterol esterase, col-lagenases, etc. 

Gwyer, J.D., Richardson, D.J., and Butt, J.N. (2006) Inhibiting Escherichia coli cytochrome c nitrite reductase voltammetry reveals an enzyme equipped for action despite the chemical challenges it may face in vivo. 

Overview of methods, process development, recombinant enzyme, equipment Process development, catalyst preparation, quantitative kinetic and reaction modeling (engineering approach)... 

The description of the enzymic equipment of the nucleus is not solely of academic interest. If each nucleus has a specific enzyme mosaic, this pattern may play a considerable role in determining cellular differentiation. In that case, nuclei from different tissue would have an identical stock of chromosomes surrounded by different enzymic patterns, which may affect the screening of the genetic information transferred to the cytoplasm. 

In any case, citric acid is always degraded during malolactic fermentation, since 0. oeni species have all of the necessary enzyme equipment. Its transformation is nevertheless slower than malic... 

Memfield successfully automated all the steps m solid phase peptide synthesis and computer controlled equipment is now commercially available to perform this synthesis Using an early version of his peptide synthesizer m collaboration with coworker Bemd Gutte Memfield reported the synthesis of the enzyme ribonuclease m 1969 It took them only SIX weeks to perform the 369 reactions and 11 391 steps necessary to assemble the sequence of 124 ammo acids of ribonuclease... 

Manufacture of Fatty Acids and Derivatives. Splitting of fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol (a valuable coproduct) has been practiced since before the 1890s. In early processes, concentrated alkaU reacted with fats to produce soaps followed by acidulation to produce the fatty acids. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, mostly with sulfuric and sulfonic acids, was also practiced. Pressurized equipment was introduced to accelerate the rate of the process, and finally continuous processes were developed to maximize completeness of the reaction (105). Lipolytic enzymes maybe utilized to spHt... 

Assays using equiUbrium (end point) methods are easy to do but the time requited to reach the end point must be considered. Substrate(s) to be measured reacts with co-enzyme or co-reactant (C) to produce products (P and Q) in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The greater the consumption of S, the more accurate the results. The consumption of S depends on the initial concentration of C relative to S and the equiUbrium constant of the reaction. A change in absorbance is usually monitored. Changes in pH and temperature may alter the equiUbrium constant but no serious errors are introduced unless the equihbrium constant is small. In order to complete an assay in a reasonable time, for example several minutes, the amount and therefore the cost of the enzyme and co-factor maybe relatively high. Sophisticated equipment is not requited, however. 

The detergent industry is the largest user of industrial enzymes. The starch industry, the first significant user of enzymes, developed special symps that could not be made by means of conventional chemical hydrolysis. These were the first products made entirely by enzymatic processes. Materials such as textiles and leather can be produced in a more rational way when using enzyme technology. Eoodstuffs and components of animal feed can be produced by enzymatic processes that require less energy, less equipment, or fewer chemicals compared with traditional techniques. 

Aim of this work was to optimise enzymatic depolymerization of pectins to valuable oligomers using commercial mixtures of pectolytic enzymes. Results of experiments in continuous and batch reactor configurations are presented which give some preliminary indications helpful to process optimisation. The use of continuous reactors equipped with ultrafiltration membranes, which assure removal of the reaction products, allows to identify possible operation policy for the improvement of the reaction yield. 

The improvement of our knowledge on fruits cell wall has allowed us to describe new enzyme activities to specifically degrade these substrates to optimize the performance of industrial equipments and to allow to produce juices and concentrates with a higher quality in terms of oxidization, aromas level and stability. 

---