Extraction enzymatic process

Insulin was originally (since the 1930s) obtained from porcine and bovine extracts. Bovine insulin differs from human insulin by three amino acids, and it can elicit an antibody response that reduces its effectiveness. Porcine insulin, however, differs in only one amino acid. An enzymatic process can yield insulin identical to the human form. Currently, insulin is produced via the rDNA process it was the first recombinant biopharmaceutical approved by the FDA in 1982. The recombinant insulin removes the reliance on animal sources of insulin and ensures that reliable and consistent insulin is manufactured under controlled manufacturing processes. A description of diabetes meUitus and insulin is presented in Exhibit 4.13. 

The data above enable us to make some rough estimates of costs associated with two processes (i) ACID, that is aspen wood-autohydrolysis-caustic extraction-acid hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation and (ii) ENZYME, that is aspen wood-autohydrolysis-caustic extraction-enzymatic hydrolysis-fermentation-distillation. For purposes of comparison, the product in both cases will be assumed to be 10 million gallons of 95% ethanol per year, a minimum economic size. 

The pH has a great influence on the enzymatic processes during mashing. Through water treatment it is possible to bring about shifts in pH whereby the transformations are decisively influenced. P-Amylase has a pH optimum at 5.4, a-amylase at 5.8, and the normal mash has a pH of about 5.4 during saccharification. The influence of the concentration of the mash is such that thin mash increases the yield of both extract and maltose (Table 9). 

M. Demovics, Z. Stefanka, P. Fodor, Improving selenium extraction by sequential enzymatic processes for Se-speciation of selenium-enriched Agaricus bisporus, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 372 (2002), 473D480. 

In all extractions of L. patella, the major compounds isolated are always cyclic peptides, with one of the patellamides usually the most abundant of these. " There has been only one reported case of L. patella which did not have Prochloron as its symbiont. When this sample was extracted no cyclic peptides were isolated. This supports the case for their being produced by Prochloron rather than the host. The production of these compounds, by either the host or symbiont, is costly to the internal metabolism of the producing organism and they must therefore play some ecological role. The selectivity and structural studies show these peptides are most suited to bind copper. Copper is therefore proposed to be the ecologically relevant metal for the patellamides. It is possible that the patellamide/copper complexes might be co-factors in enzymatic processes. We will discuss a few further possibilities here. 

PHB Under optimum conditions, in the accumulation phase during the fermentation process, the rate of the enzymatic degradation of this amorphous PHB is extremely fast, within a few hours. In contrast to this, extracted or processed, partially crystalline PHB is attacked relatively slowly over periods of weeks. The enzymatic decomposition, for example, of the PHB test specimen, leads to a slow surface erosion, while the volume body remains unchanged for some time, so the whole weight and the properties change slowly. The enzymatic degradation occurs at the surface of the PHB material and the rate of the surface erosion is strongly dependent on both the structure and the composition. 

Work-up was a major issue in this enzymatic process step. The highly concentrated reaction mixtures favored the formation of persistent emulsions in the extraction steps with ethyl acetate at alkaline and acidic pH. Owing to the tedious phase separation the first extraction steps at both alkaline and acidic pH initially lasted one day and had to be enhanced by the addition of sodium sulfate. 

Crews HM, Clarke PA, Lewis DJ, Owen LM, Srutt PR and Izquierdo A (1996) Gastrointestinal extracts of cooked cod by High performance liquid chromatography-inductivdy coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 11 1177-1182. Dernovics M, Stefanka ZS and Fodor P (2002) Improving selenium extraction by sequential enzymatic processes for Se-speciation of selenium enriched Agaricus bisporus. Anal Bioanal Chem 372 473-480. 

Rosenthal, A, D.L. Pyle K. Niranjan. Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction, Enz. Microb. Technol. 1996, 19, 402—420. 

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