Environmental concerns pesticide production

In Hong Kong, the nine intentional POPs pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, HCB, mirex and toxaphene) targeted for global elimination or restricted production and use were not registered, or their registration status had been cancelled for many years due to toxicological or environmental concern. 

Pesticide product labeling statements are intended to alert you to particular environmental concerns that a pesticide product poses. The lack of a particular precautionary statement does not necessarily mean that the product poses no hazard to the environment. 

A likely set of compounds to consider for similar assay development are the nitroaromatic compounds shown in Figure 1 which are related to nitrobenzene (1). As a class, nitroaromatic compounds are of environmental concern since, as Figure 1 shows, they have been documented at as many as 30 of the 818 final EPA National Priority List (NPL) of waste sites in the United States ( ). The nitroaromatics most frequently found as environmental contaminants are 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2) and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (3) used in plastics, dyes and munitions production nitrophenols (4,5) used in pesticides and munitions wastes such at... 

A series of surveys and reviews [28, 44, 45, 293] dealt with the simultaneous determination of a broad range of polar compounds in environmental samples by API interfaces. Possibilities and Hmitations of stmcture elucidation by bC-ion trap multiple mass spectrometry (bC-ITMS ) were the topic overview [38]. As shown later, pesticide residue analysis was the most frequent application of bC-MS in water sample analysis, as the number of review articles on the subject of pesticide analysis and their degradation products demonstrates [20, 22, 29, 30, 32, 199, 294], The analysis of dyes by means of API interfacing techniques was reviewed by three groups [43, 161, 200], while the bC-MS analysis of surfactants, as compounds of environmental concern, was comprehensively reviewed [21]. 

The starting point in the textile supply chain is the raw material preparation. Textile fibres are obtained from two main sources natural (cellulose or animal) fibres or synthetic fibres. Natural cellulosic fibres include conventional and organic cottons, rayon, linen, hemp, jute, ramie and sisal. Cotton is used to produce 40% of world textile products (Saicheua et al., 2012). The major environmental concern in cellulosic fibre production, especially for cotton fibre, is the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used during cultivation. The second concern is the high level of water consumption (Dave and Aspegren, 2010 Muthu, 2014). Cotton is one of the most popular natural fibres used in the world. Three percent of the world s cultivated land is used for cotton production and 16% of the world s insecticides are used on this crop alone (Saicheua et al., 2012 Muthu, 2014). Moreover, the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and electricity causes some human health and environmental problems. Also cotton growing requires 7—29 tonnes of water per kg of raw cotton fibres (KaUiala and Nousiainen, 1999). Other types of cellulosic fibres are hemp and flax, which can be considered to be the most significant sustainable fibres in the non cotton natural fibre sector (Werf, 2004 Muthu, 2014). 

However, perhaps the day of the biologically active natural product has come Environmental concerns are circumscribing the use of traditional pesticides Growing resistance of pests to present pesticides has given added urgency to the search for better, safer compounds, and better, safer delivery systems The need to treat more precisely has also provided additional opportunities for the use of natural products. It should be stated, however, that resistance can be expected to develop to natural products that have a single mode of action ... 

The use of chlorinated pesticides is expected to decline because of environmental concerns. The toxic effects associated with pentachlorophenol will impact its production and, in turn, the chlorine consumption in this market. ITie use of chlorine in producing chlorinated isocyanurates, chlorinated paraffins, and ethyleneamines is projected to grow over the next several years. However, the market for cyanuric chloride is expected to decline as a result of the flat demand for its primary derivative, triazine herbicides. 

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