Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic

The preparation of such mass balances can become very tedious. For this reason, the Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses (EATOS ) was developed to provide... 

EATOS Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses... 

In 2002, Eissen and Metzger proposed EATOS (an environmental assessment tool for organic syntheses), an environmental performance metrics for daily use in synthetic chemistry [11]. This tool allows rapid quantitative assessment of both the E-factor and the potential environmental impact (PEI, Sheldon s Q) of a process. They also provided a PC software application to perform this calculation, which is available from them [12]. With this tool, Sheldon s Q can be quantitatively assessed for both the feedstock and the output (product and wastes) of a multistep synthesis. The assessment is made on the basis of the available substance s ecotoxicological and human toxicological data. 

Eissen, M. and Metzger, J.O., EATOS (Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses). http //www.chemie. 

Two biocatalytic routes were also developed to the pilot stage by Ciba-Geigy, namely the enantioselective reduction of the corresponding a-keto acid with immobihzed Proteus vulgaris (route A in Scheme 12.10) and with D-LDH in a membrane reactor (route B), respechvely. It was therefore of interest to compare the four approaches. The EATOS (Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses) program was used to compare the mass consumption (kg input of raw materials for 1 kg of product) as well as other parameters [28]. 

Assumptions used by the Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Synthesis (EATOS) [8] program when masses of auxiliary materials are not reported in experimental procedures are as follows ... 

Mass index (MI) is defined as the total mass used in a process/process step divided by the mass of product and it is approximately the E-factor plus one. A software package, the Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses (EATOS), has been designed to calculate some of these metrics. More elaborate assessments such as life cycle assessment (LCA), could be performed, but this is also beyond the scope of this chapter. Our objective is to provide a preliminary assessment for the community to determine if further development of any guanidine organocatalysis is appropriate for use in green chemistry. 

The environmental impact of these two processes was investigated and compared following three different methods based on atom economy. At first, the reactions were analyzed according to Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses (EATOS) [44] program, which takes into account the quantity and quality both of chemicals employed during the process and of waste material. 

Since the mid-2000 s, several groups have addressed the problem of quantif5dng Q. For example, Eissen and Metzger [28] developed the Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses (EATOS) software in which metrics related to health hazards and persistence and bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity were used to determine the environmental index of the input (substrates, solvents, etc.) and the output (product and waste). Similarly, Saling and coworkers at BASE [29-31] introduced eco-efficiency analyses, which took both economic and environmental aspects into account, including energy, raw materials, emissions, toxicity, hazards, and land use. 

Table 8. Examples of global clinical assessment tools, by organ system, amenable for epidemiological investigation of environmental influences on children s health...

A biomarker is here defined as a biological response to an environmental chemical at the individual level or below, which demonstrates a departure from normality. Responses at higher levels of biological organization are not, according to this definition, termed biomarkers. Where such biological responses can be readily measnred, they may provide the basis for biomarker assays, which can be nsed to stndy the effects of chemicals in the laboratory or, most importantly, in the field. There is also interest in their employment as tools for the environmental risk assessment of chemicals. 

In this context it is important to improve the analysis of the extent to which sensitive organisms and ecosystems in such areas may need specific test methods and specific concern in environmental risk assessment of chemicals (Breitholtz et al. 2006a). In the future, it is therefore important to increase research efforts to elucidate potential consequences of varying physical and chemical environmental factors for toxicity of a wide range of chemical substances, in order to develop tools for hazard identification and dose-response assessment that include scientifically well-based combinations of species, endpoints and environmental factors. The battery of endpoints to select from should, as far as possible, comprise population level data (Forbes and Calow 1999, Forbes et al. 2001, Breitholtz et al. 2006a), possibly obtained by using population models. 

Although there is good correlation of the ELISA results with both the standard GLC methods and with the bioassay results conducted under controlled conditions, unpublished results with clomazone indicate that the correlation of any soil analytical results (ELISA or GLC) with actual crop injury that is observed in the field is poor. This poor correlation between observed soil levels of clomazone, and the actual occurance of carryover injury in the field, indicates that factors unrelated to the soil analytical methods used, have a large impact on the ability to use soil residual levels as a predictive tool for this herbicide. An example of the impact of other factors can be seen with corn, where unpublished results attribute the poor correlation between detected soil levels of clomazone and observed injury in the field to several factors, which include differences in corn sensitivity toward clomazone, the method of clomazone application, application rate, soil type/organic matter levels, soil pH, soil sampling methods, time of corn injury assessment, interactions with other pesticides and environmental factors. 

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