Environmental and Regulatory Aspects

There is a tendency to think that the issue of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment (PIE) is a relatively recent one brought to prominence over the past decade by high profile works such as the treatise Our Stolen Future [1] and ever more lurid newspaper headlines. However, reviews of the issue were appearing at least a decade earlier including some remarkably prescient content. The publication in 1985 of a review of the fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the environment [2] raised many of the issues that are still of concern today. 

Indeed, as early as 1981 a study carried out into trace organic substances in the river Lee [3] identified a number of pharmaceutical derived species including metabolites of the benzodiazepines, phenobarbitone, ethinyl estradiol, and clofi-bric and salicylic acids. They recognized that pharmaceuticals can enter the aquatic environment through two main channels-from manufacturing processes and through patient use-and that the latter route was the most important and the more difficult to control. 

Their conclusions were that many pharmaceuticals would degrade to innocuous substances but that degradation testing should take place as part of the portfolio of drug testing and also that analytical methods available at the time were inadequate to measure the expected concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the environmental matrices concerned. 

One of the next big realizations came with the publication of a paper by Buser [4]. These researchers had been analyzing samples from Swiss lakes and the North 

Edited by Peter J. Dunn, Andrew S. Wells and Michael T. Williams 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN 978-3-527-32418-7 

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Medical, environmental, and regulatory aspects of Cr toxicology have been described in detail in several books (1, 2, 7, 107-110) and recent reviews (9, 11,... 

In Chapter 23, the cost of battery components is presented together with a discussion on economic, environmental and regulatory aspects of recycling. Fiuthermore,... 

Chapters 2 and 3 of this book described some of the environmental and regulatory aspects of 1,4-DCB (CAS 104-46-7, also known as para-dichloro-benzene or p-dichlorobenzene). The narrative that follows traces the issues that evolved from the 1975 report by the US EPA to the final decision by the European Commission in 2014 to ban certain uses of the substance. 

Copin, A. (ed.) (1995) Environmental Behaviour of Pesticides and Regulatory Aspects, Royal Society of Chemistry, London. 

This book provides an insider s perspective of the status of the fine-chemical industry, as well as its outlook. It covers all aspects of this dynamic industry, with all of its stakeholders in mind, viz. employees, customers, suppliers, investors, students and educators, media representatives, neighboring communities, public officials, and anyone else who has an interest in industrial context. Safety, health, environmental, and regulatory issues are discussed only briefly, as the related subjects are extensively covered in the specialized literature. 

Djien Liem AK, Van Zorge JA. 1995. Dioxins and related compounds Status and regulatory aspects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 2(l) 46-56. 

The overview of scientific and regulatory aspects set forth in this book, on the one hand, demonstrates how intimately research and legal provisions are interwoven and benefit from each other on the other hand, it sheds further light on the complexity of environmental contamination in Antarctica and calls for more proactive and resolute action. With this in mind, it is hoped that this work can stimulate further pondering of such priority issues. 

Padgette, S. R., Re, D. B., Barry, G. F. el al. (1994). New weed control opportunities development of soybeans with a Roundup Ready gene. In Herbicide-resistant Crops Agricultural, Economics, Environmental, Regulatory, and Technologycal Aspects, ed. S. O. Duke. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

With the growing awareness for the protection of the environment, there is a greater need for producers to improve the environmental profile of their products. Consumers and regulatory bodies expect more information on the effects of products on the environment during their manufacture, use, and disposal. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a holistic approach to assess the impact of a product throughout its life cycle. An important aspect of LCA is recycling and waste management. 

The developing law of toxic and environmental torts exhibits a blending of principles from judge-made common law (i.e., court cases) and standards and approaches from regulatory aspects of public law (i.e., statutes and regulations). Some public... 

This book covers the following topics in surfactant-enhanced soil flushing application to remedial action, selection criteria, Implementation, economics, mathematical modeling of surfactant flushing, case studies, regulatory aspects, health and environmental considerations. 

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