Environment cosmic

Exposure to natural sources of external ionizing radiation results from the levels of cosmic and terrestrial X and gamma radiation present in the environment. Cosmic radiation at the earth s surface is affected by altitude, geomagnetic latitude, and solar modulation. For example, the dose rate at... 

Background Radiation. If the radiation from a radioactive source is measured, the spectmm also includes contributions from the radiations from the surrounding environment. This includes radiations from the radioactivity in the materials in and around the detector, including the stmcture of the building or nearby earth. There is also cosmic radiation that comes from space and interacts with the earth and atmosphere to produce radiations that may enter the detector, and thus is observed. 

In the marine environment, the numerous radionuclides can be classified into three broad categories based on their production or origin (1) those derived from the weathering of continental rocks, the primordial radionuclides, (2) those formed from cosmic radiation, the cosmogenic radionuclides, and (3) those artificially introduced into nature, the anthropogenic or transient radionuclides and tracers. The primordial radionuclides (e.g. Th, and U) were... 

The exposure to ionizing radiation from natural sources is continuous and unavoidable. For most individuals, this exposure exceeds that from all human-made sources combined (UNSCEAR 2000a). The two main contributors to natural radiation exposures are high-energy cosmic ray particles incident on the earth s atmosphere and radioactive nuclides that originate in the earth s crust and are present everywhere in the environment, including the human body itself. 

Artificial satellites, which are now used for communication, broadcast, weather forecast, etc., are equipped with a variety of semiconductor devices, which are often exposed to the high levels of radiation found in space. Such energetic particles, called cosmic rays, cause the degradation and malfunction of semiconductor devices, which lowers both the mission lifetime and reliability of satellites. Using ion beam irradiation facilities at TIARA, which have been uniquely adapted for simulating the radiation environment of space, we have... 

Aluminum-26 is produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in a wide variety of stellar sites. Its abundance relative to other short-lived nuclides provides information about the stellar source(s) for short-lived nuclides and the environment in which the Sun formed. Aluminum-26 is also produced by interactions between heavier nuclei such as silicon atoms and cosmic rays. Aluminum-26 is one of several nuclides used to estimate the cosmic-ray exposure ages of meteorites as they traveled from their parent asteroids to the solar system. 

The vision on which this principle is based is the individual design of the holding in the context of the complex interaction of all impacting factors. The pedosphere, ecosphere and landscape, as well as the atmosphere and the cosmic environment (apart from the sun, these are primarily the moon and the planets) form the natural basis. Crop plants, livestock, the farmer as well as the entire socioeconomic environment have an effect at all levels of this natural environment, are influenced by these levels, and thus form an intricate interrelationship. A farm, therefore, becomes an individuality in which the various factors, just like... 

Fullerenes show a remarkable stability both toward y photons and cosmic rays suggesting that once formed they can survive in the harsh interstellar and circums-tellar environment (Cataldo et al. 2009). 

Table 6.1 is a summary of environmental limitations for active life as we know it. By this phrase we mean organic life existing under conditions where aqueous solutions and complex organic molecules (such as amino acids, proteins, and DNA) can exist we consider here some environments that are extreme or exotic when gauged by conditions where life on Earth thrives. With this consideration, we do not exclude possibilities that unknown categories of life might thrive in some of the more cosmic environments mentioned below, but for which we have no means to evaluate their plausibility. 

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