Solar modules

A typical 100-cm silicon cell produces a maximum current of just under 3 amps at a voltage of around 0.5 volts. Since many PV applications involve charging lead-acid batteries, which have a typical nominal voltage of 12 volts, the solar modules often consist of around 36 individual cells wired in series to ensure that the voltage is usually above 13 volts which is enough to charge a 12 volt battery even on overcast days. 

Holgervon Hebei, Head-Finance Controlling Peter Schneidewind, COO/Thin-Film Solar Modules Div. 

Photovoltaic Equipment Thin-Film Solar Modules Solar Module Collection Recycling... 

Bifacial solar module is designed in such a way that it is capable to receive both direct sunlight and that reflected from the concentrator. The concentrated light spot is directed onto front- and rear-receiving surfaces depending on position of the Sun. The solar module is shorter than the trough... 

Radius of cylinder is equal to the half of the focal length and is equal to the width of solar module. In this case geometric concentration ratio equals ... 

An example of electrical power output of PV solar module in concentrator and out of concentrator from 35 bifacial solar cells of 100l33 mm size is... 

The flexible solar module based on monocrystalline silicon cells with higher efficiency than thin film solar cells was developed in the VIESH. For example, the folding solar module 36/1-6-P depicted at FigurelO supplies 10W, output voltage 16V, and short circuit current, 0.7A under standard conditions of measurements. His dimensions are 395 x 370 x 4 mm and in the folded condition practically 6 times less by surface (135 x 185 x 12 mm). This folding solar module can be used for applications which small consuming equipment. 

Other applications for THV are flexible liners (drop-in liners or bag liners), used in chemical process industries and other industries, and blow-molded containers, where it enhances the resistance to permeation when combined with a less expensive plastic (e.g., high-density polyethylene-HDPE), which provides the structural integrity.61 Optical clarity, excellent weatherability, and flexibility make THV suitable as a protection of solar cell surface in solar modules.63... 

The power output of solar modules is expressed in terms of their "peak" power output (Wp). This is the amount of electric power that a module generates when it receives 1.0 kW/m2 of vertical solar irradiation at 25°C module temperature (also called one sun). Therefore, a 10% efficient module receiving one sun, will produce 100 Wp/m2. If this solar irradiation exists for 8 hours per day, this module will generate 0.8 kWh/m2/day. Naturally both the number of sunny hours of the day and the intensity of insolation vary (see Figures 1.29 and 1.30 and www.bpsolar.com). In addition the angle of irradiation and/or cell temperature can also be less than optimum. 

Modules In 1993 already, the Siemens group was the first group to deposit successfully amorphous silicon (a-Si H) solar modules on ZnO layers grown by the CVD method. They reported [77] modules of 1 x 1 ft2 with an initial efficiency of 10.7% and a stabilized efficiency of 8.4%. 

Finally, considering that, in general, ZnO is known to be particularly sensitive to a humid environment (see paragraph 9.4.1.2), this feature should also be checked, in more detail, for the case of ZnO films deposited by CVD. In fact, Sang et al. [84] reported that in a humid environment, ZnO B films deposited by LP-CVD showed higher degradation than sputtered ZnO Ga films. On the other hand, Oerlikon Solar (formerly Unaxis Solar) [79] has proven that thin him silicon solar modules using LP-CVD ZnO as TCO layers can successfully pass the standard damp-heat test, provided they are encapsulated in an appropriate manner. 

---