Envelope protein

We have already discussed one envelope protein of influenza virus, neuraminidase, as an example of an up-and-down antiparallel p motif. In the second envelope protein, hemagglutinin, one domain of the polypeptide chain is folded into a jelly roll motif. We shall now look at some other features of hemagglutinin that are important for its biological function. 

The presence of nanopartides suspended within the starch matrix would ensure continuous release of ions into the nutrient media. Copper ions released by the nanopartides may attach to the negatively charged bacterial cell wall and rupture it, thereby leading to protein denaturation and cell death [31]. The attachment of both ions and nanopartides to the cell wall caused accumulation of envelope protein precursors, which resulted in dissipation of... 

Petersen J, Dandri M, Mier W, Lfltgehetmann M, Volz T, von Weizsacker F, Haberkom U, Fischer L, Pollok JM, Erbes B, Seitz S, Urban S (2008) Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein, Nat Biotechnol 26 335-341 PorniUos O, Garrus JE, Sundquist WI (2002) Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding. Trends CeU Biol 12 569-579... 

Fig. 2 The HBV polymerase and envelope proteins, whose reading frames overlap each other, and position of the main HBV drug-resistant mutations...

Brenneman DE, Westbrook GL, Fitzgerald SP, Ennist DL, Elkins KL, Ruff MR, Pert CB (1988) Neuronal cell killing by the envelope protein of HIV and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Nature 335(6191) 639-642... 

Ebnet K, Kaldjian EP, Anderson AO, Shaw S (1996) Orchestrated information transfer underlying leukocyte endothelial interactions. Annu Rev Immunol 14 155-177 Edinger AL, Blanpain C, Kunstman KJ, Wohnsky SM, Parmentier M, Dorns RW (1999) Functional dissection of CCR5 coreceptor function through the use of CD4-independent simian immunodeficiency virus strains. J Virol 73(5) 4062 073 Edwards TG, Hoffman TL, Baribaud E, Wyss S, LaBranche CC, Romano J, Adkinson J, Sharron M, Hoxie JA, Dorns RW (2001) Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity, and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J Virol 75(ll) 5230-5239... 

Herzberg U, Sagen J (2001) Peripheral nerve exposure to HIV viral envelope protein gpl20 induces neuropathic pain and spinal gliosis. J Neuroimmunol 116(l) 29-39 Herzmann C, Johnson MA et al (2005) Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine for antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. HIV Clin Trials 6(6) 344-350... 

Chemokine Receptor Activation by HIV Envelope Protein gpl20... 

Studies on mixed gUal/neuronal cerebrocortical cultures from wild type mice and CXCR4-deficient mice show that HTV envelope proteins are able to cause neurotoxicity through CXCR4 or CCR5 by the activation of p38 and specific downstream effector... 

HIV-infected glia secrete inflammatory factors that can indirectly contribute to excitotoxicity (Giulian et al. 1996). The HIV envelope protein induces the secretion... 

Infection of macrophages and lymphocytes by HIV-1 can occur after binding of the viral envelope protein gpl20 to one of the several possible chemokine receptors... 

Koka P, He K, Zack JA, Kitchen S, Peacock W, Fried 1, Tran T, Yashar SS, MerrUl JE (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope proteins induce interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide in glial cultures derived from fetal, neonatal, and adult human brain. J Exp Med 182 941-951... 

Markosyan RM, Cohen FS, Melikyan GB. HIV-1 envelope proteins complete their folding into six-helix bundles immediately after fusion pore formation. Mol Biol Cell 2003 14(3) 926—938. 

Weissman D, Rabin RL, Arthos J, et al. Macrophage-tropic HIV and SIV envelope proteins induce a signal through the CCR5 chemokine receptor. Nature 1997 389(6654) 981-985. 

Ou W, Silver J. Role of protein disulfide isomerase and other thiol-reactive proteins in HIV-1 envelope protein-mediated fusion. Virology 2006 350(2) 406-417. 

Edwards TG, Hoffman TL, Baribaud F, et al. Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity, and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein. J Virol 2001 75(11) 5230-5239. 

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