Enhancement Active methods

Differentiation between the two forms of Ag2C03 is not easy and, from the many methods used, electron spin resonance spectroscopy and thermal analysis have been most successfully applied [757]. The imperfections mentioned above occur in the low temperature decomposition product and are identified as being responsible for enhanced activity in readsorbing C02. Annealing of the residue removes these defects and reduces the reversibility of reaction. 

Ina similarmarmerto surface-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhancement of hyper-Raman scattering is a promising method to study adsorbed molecules on metal surfaces [24]. Based on recent developments in plasmonics, design and fabrication of metal substrates with high enhancement activities is now becoming possible [21]. Combination of the surface enhancement with the electronic resonances would also be helpful for the practical use of hyper-Raman spectroscopy. Development of enhanced hyper-Raman spectroscopy is awaited for the study of solid/liquid interfaces. 

Catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method. Among them, Ni/La203 exhibited high activity and selectivity for H2 production in the SRE reaction. The enhanced activity has been attributed to scavenging of coke deposited on the Ni surface by lanthanum oxycarbonate species... 

Vanadium phosphorus oxides (VPO) are commercially used as catalysts for the s5mthesis of maleic anhydride from the partial oxidation of n-butane. The phase constitution and the morphology of the catalyst are found to be dependent on the preparation routes and the applied solvent [78]. Recently, a method to prepare VPO catalysts in aqueous solution at elevated temperature was reported [79]. In addition to the linear relationship between specific activity and surface area, a small group of catalysts exhibit enhanced activity, which could be due to the combination of a higher proportion of V phases in the bulk of vanadyl pyrophosphate (V0)2P207 catalyst [79, 80]. With high relevance to the catalytic properties, the microstructure characterisation of VPO therefore is of great importance. 

The primary application of the BERT technology will likely be to complement active soil vapor extraction efforts by removing residual contaminants after active methods become insufficient. It could also be used on the edge of unsaturated zone contaminant plumes where concentrations of volatile contaminants are low or for enhancement of bioremediation activities. The primary advantages of the technology application are low capital costs and minimal operating costs. The system is well suited for applications in low-risk contaminant settings, where rapid response and remediation are not necessary. Suitable applications include volatile contaminants at relatively shallow depths (less than 20 ft) in the vadose zone, such as ... 

Those investigators primarily involved with one specific route of delivery will be able to learn of helpful concepts and find additional stimulation from reading the approaches others have used within and outside their own spheres of activity. Readers are likely to find the same enhancer tested for various administration routes and in diverse experimental models. By understanding the properties and behavior of the enhancers operating within such systems, they may well find the inspiration needed to develop appropriate enhancing delivery methods for new applications. 

The final physical method to be considered here, which allows further probing of an absorption band, is resonance Raman spectroscopy. The excitation laser wavelength is tuned into an absorption band and the vibrations enhanced in the Raman spectrum are detected. Only those vibrational modes associated with distortion of the excited electronic state relative to the ground-state geometry will be resonance enhanced. This method, therefore, not only allows observation of vibrations directly associated with the active site but also provides valuable information on the nature of the excited state. Usually, charge transfer transitions are probed due to the high intensity (e > 500 M"1 cm-1) required for resonance enhancement. These points are well illustrated by reso-... 

The standardization of Echinacea products based on cichoric acid and alkamides has been proposed (Bauer 1999a,b Perry et al 2000, 2001). The CADs are also commonly used as marker compounds and labeled as phenolics on many dietary supplements. The main reason for standardization is that the level of the active components varies based on plant material, age of the Echinacea, and method of preparation. However, the specific compounds responsible for the immune-enhancing activity of Echinacea are not fully understood. Echinacoside has been used to standardize many preparations, but the lack of immune-enhancing activity of this component... 

Echinacea has been used for centuries as a medicinal plant. Research from the last two decades shows that Echinacea can enhance the immune system when in vitro and in vivo indicators are used in the model investigations. Further investigations, e.g., bioavailability and clinical studies, are needed to thoroughly understand the immune-enhancing activity of Echinacea. In addition, further research is needed to characterize processing methods that do not significantly reduce the levels of phytochemicals. 

---