Engineering Strategy

Choice of the ideal animal model to test tissue engineered strategies has to balance cost and relevance. The naturally occurring macaque model would be a primary choice however, the costs may be prohibitive, especially for the academic arena. Other large animals such as goats and sheep may also pose cost limitations... 

Hedhammar, M., Graslund, T., and Hober, S. 2005. Protein engineering strategies for selective protein purification. Chemical Engineering and Technology 28, 1315-1325. 

Too little is understood currently for there to be a high success rate with a rational design of engineering strategies. 

MW 27,500) with no cofactors or metal ions reqnirement for its function, it displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics and it is secreted in large amounts by a wide variety of Bacillus species. Subtilisin is also among the most important industrial enzymes due to its use in laundry detergents. Protein engineering strategies for subtilisin have focused on a number of aspects, namely catalysis, substrate specificity, thermal and oxidative stability and pH profile. We will describe briefly each of these aspects. 

Siezen, R.J., de Vos, W.M., Lennissen, J.A.M. and Dijkstra, B.W. (1991) Homology modelling and Protein Engineering strategy of subtilases, the family of subtilisinlike serine proteases. Protein Engineering, 4, 719-737. 

The last examples demonstrate that attention has shifted away from singlegene engineering strategies and towards more complex approaches involving the simultaneous overexpression and/or suppression of multiple genes. The use of regulatory factors to control the abundance or activity of several enzymes is also becoming more widespread. 

While our theoretical understanding of the NLO properties of molecules is continually expanding, the development of empirical data bases of molecular structure-NLO property relationships is an important component of research in the field. Such data bases are important to the validation of theoretical and computational approaches to the prediction of NLO properties and are crucial to the evaluation of molecular engineering strategies seeking to identify the impact of tailored molecular structural variations on the NLO properties. These issues have led to a need for reliable and rapid determination of the NLO properties of bulk materials and molecules. 

Schoffi, F. (1988). Genetic engineering strategies for manipulation of the heat shock response. Plant, Cell and Environment 11, 339-43. 

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition has been widely used for pesticide detection [88-94], but less exploited than protein phosphatase inhibition for cyanobacterial toxin detection. Nevertheless, the anatoxin-a(s) has more inhibition power than most insecticides, as demonstrated by the higher inhibition rates [95]. In order to detect toxin concentrations smaller than usually, mutant enzymes with increased sensitivity were obtained by genetic engineering strategies residue replacement, deletion, insertion and combination of mutations. Modifications close to the active site, located at the bottom of a narrow gorge, made the entrance of the toxin easier and enhanced the sensitivity of the enzyme. 

The most effective mitigation approach is likely a combined system-, device- and material-level approach for a particular application. Fundamental understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the PEM at the nano- and microscale is essential to provide a linkage of the key processes occurring at that scale to the device- and system-level engineering strategies. It will provide the most probable pathway to break the current technical barriers in the PEM fuel cell development. 

Various process engineering strategies have been investigated in order to have a more environmentally friendly strategy for brine disposal in reverse-osmosis desalination. 

Aakeroy, C. B. (1997). Crystal engineering strategies and architectures. Acta. Crystallogr. B53, 569. 

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