Enforcement robustness

We have seen that minimizing the likelihood penalty ml(x) enforces agreement with the data. Exact expression of ml(x) should depends on the known statistics of the noise. However, if the statistics of the noise is not known, using a least-squares penalty is more robust (Lane, 1996). In the following, and for sake of simplicity, we will assume Gaussian stationary noise ... 

It is a regulatory requirement that analytical methods be developed to determine residues of concern in crops, feed, and food commodities as well as environmental samples (air, soil, and water). Methods for crops, feed, and food commodities are required for enforcement purposes but are also needed for a variety of other purposes, such as gathering monitoring data for risk assessment. For nearly any purpose, the methods must be robust, that is, when used by different analysts in several laboratories, they should provide reproducibly similar results. 

The official enforcement method is a GC method, but the method described here is quicker and more robust. Approximately 36 samples can be analyzed within 24 h. 

Threats of Concern Terrorist acts can be the most problematic to defend against since they may be more extreme or malevolent than other crimes focused on monetary gains or outcomes with less malicious intent. Plus terrorists may use military tactics not often provided for in base chemical facility design. Chemical facility security must be considered in context with local and national homeland security and law enforcement activities, as well as with emergency response capabilities. There is a practical limit to the ability of a chemical site to prevent or mitigate a terrorist act. Above a certain level of threat, the facility needs to rely on law enforcement and military services to provide physical security against extreme acts of intentional harm. The security posture must be risk-based, and so extremely robust security measures are not always applicable or necessary. 

Alike metallocomplex anion-radicals, cation-radicals of odd-electron structure exhibit enforced reactivity. Thus, the 17-electron cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyl cobalt cation-radical [CoCp(CO)2] undergoes an unusual organometallic chemical reaction with the neutral parent complex. The reaction leads to [Co2Cp2(CO)4]. This dimeric cation-radical contains a metal-metal bond unsupported by bridging ligands. The Co—Co bond happens to be robust and persists in all further transformations of the binuclear cation-radical (Nafady et al. 2006). 

Robust air quality monitoring is based on the quantification of pollutant concentrations with a high degree of accuracy, precision, comparability and long-term stability. Accuracy and precision of measurements are essential for the assessment of limit value attainment and law enforcement to improve ambient air quality. 

To date, the voluntary EU solidarity contract has failed to deliver satisfactory outcomes. It is the role of the EU institutions and rules to enforce cooperation whenever the common interest is larger than the sum of the member states individual interests. The European Commission must propose and implement credible and robust solidarity mechanisms. 

As would be expected, most effort has been most focused on the detection of nonmuscle tissue that is related to the enforcement of human health and food safety. To enable effective enforcement and removal of SRM, there has been a need for the development of robust CNS (central nervous system)-specific detection methods that are applicable to a wide range of processed meat products. In the case of non-DNA-based techniques, methods for the detection of CNS tissue in meat include direct tissue examination (Bauer et al., 1996), histological preparation and microscopic examination (USDA-FSIS, 1998), and the analysis of cholesterol content (LiickeretaL, 1999 Schmidt et al., 1999). 

Capillary electrophoresis technology has become an indispensable tool for forensic scientists in the biology field since it is able to provide valuable information to aid in the process of law enforcement. The primary application of the technique is in the qualitative analysis of STRs. Isolation of STR mixtures is also possible using relative peak heights. Other applications of CE include quantitative analysis of PCR products, mtDNA sequencing, and mutation detection for the analysis of plant and bacterial DNA. Based on the performance of the methods illustrated above, it is reasonable to expect future researchers and practitioners to continue working to exploit the capabilities of this robust scientific technique and its application to criminal investigations. 

Xue M, Ma SQ, Jin Z et al (2008) Robust metril-oiganic framework enforced by tripleframework interpenetration exhibiting high H2 storage density. Inoig Chem 47 6825-6828... 

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